Table 4.
Summary of evidence on physical activity (PA) correlates in Thai older adults (60 years old and above)
| Correlates | Relationship with PA | Summary Code | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative/Inverse (-) | Positive (+) | Non-significant (?) | ||
| Individual Level | ||||
| Demographic factors | ||||
| – Age | 104, 139, 164, 191, 192 | 37, 58, 59, 124, 140 | 58, 66, 116, 117, 142, 155, 162, 174, 177, 185 | ?? |
| – Sex (+ denotes males are more active, - denotes females are more active) | 66, 100, 155 | 31, 42, 100, 116, 117, 142, 152, 162, 174, 184, 185 | 39, 58, 59, 68, 124, 139, 140, 164, 176, 191 | ?? |
| – Municipality (+ denotes more PA in an urban place of residence, - denotes more PA in a rural place of residence) | 58 | 192 | 58 | ? |
| – Marital status (+ denotes singles are more active) | 66, 155 | 58, 59, 117, 139, 164, 174, 185, 191 | ?? | |
| – Education level | 58, 116, 117 | 40, 59, 139, 142, 155, 162, 164, 185, 192 | 39, 58, 66, 174, 191 | ?? |
| – Household income | 66, 117 | 39, 40, 58, 139, 185, 192 | 58, 59, 142, 162 | ?? |
| – Occupation (+ denotes unemployed are more active) | 155 | 58, 59, 117 | ? | |
| – Region (+ denotes Central including Bangkok residents are more active, - denotes residents of other provinces are more active) | 134 | 155 | ? | |
| – Daily duties (+ denotes individuals performing daily duties regularly are more active, - denotes individuals performing daily duties occasionally are more active) | 162 | - | ||
| – Senior-citizen club membership (+ denotes yes, - denotes no) | 139, 191 | 66 | + | |
| – Duration of health club membership | 117 | ? | ||
| – Ever attended a workshop on exercise (+ denotes yes, - denotes no) | 124 | + | ||
| Biological factors | ||||
| – Body mass index (BMI) | 58, 66 | ? | ||
| – Overweight | 147 (M, F) | ? | ||
| – Obesity | 47 (M, F) | - | ||
| – Bone mineral density (BMD) | 42 (F) | 99, 134, 138 | 42 (M) | + |
| – Skeletal muscle mass (%) | 143 | ? | ||
| – Dietary calcium intake | 138 | + | ||
| – Adequate serum vitamin D levels | 143 | ? | ||
| – Sunlight exposure | 138 | + | ||
| – Total cholesterol (TCH) level | 60 (M, F) | ? | ||
| – Triglycerides (TG) level | 60 (M, F) | - | ||
| – HDL-cholesterol level | 60 (M, F) | + | ||
| – Total cholesterol: HDL-C ratio | 60 (M, F) | - | ||
| – High TCH | 60 (M, F) | ? | ||
| – High TG | 60 (M, F) | - | ||
| – Low HDL-C | 60 (M, F) | ? | ||
| – High TCH: HDL-C ratio | 60 (M, F) | ? | ||
| – Resting heart rate | 166 (M, F) | - | ||
| – Mean heart rate | 166 (M, F) | ? | ||
| – Predicted maximum heart rate (%) | 166 (M, F) | ? | ||
| – Systolic blood pressure | 161 | 166 (M, F) | ? | |
| – Diastolic blood pressure | 161 | 166 (M, F) | ? | |
| – VO2max | 166 (M, F) | + | ||
| – FEV1 (Abnormal lung function) | 166 (M, F) | ? | ||
| – FVC (Pulmonary function test) | 166 (M, F) | ? | ||
| – FEV1/FVC (%) | 166 (M, F) | ? | ||
| – Hematocrit level | 73 | - | ||
| – Hypercholesterolemia | 103 (M, F) | ? | ||
| Physical health | ||||
| – History of sickness/Underlying illness/Co-morbid diseases (+ denotes yes, - denotes no) | 66 | 59, 162 | ? | |
| – Having health symptoms (i.e. fatigue, weight loss, sleep disorders) (+ denotes yes, - denotes no) | 162 | - | ||
| – Osteoporosis | 138 | - | ||
| – Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | 88 | - | ||
| General health | ||||
| – Self-rated general health | 98, 139, 164, 169, 175 | 192, 185 | ++ | |
| – Health-related quality of life | 41, 48, 56 | + | ||
| – General oral-health status (e.g. number of teeth, and oral malodour) | 152 | ? | ||
| – Periodontal disease | 152 | - | ||
| – Saliva flow rate | 152 | + | ||
| Psychological factors | ||||
| – Mental health | 32, 43, 98, 175 | 43 | ++ | |
| – Attitudes towards PA/exercise | 79, 117, 188, 191 | ++ | ||
| – Self-efficacy | 79, 98, 104, 139, 140, 162, 185 | 39, 53, 174 | ++ | |
| – Perceived benefits of PA/exercise | 40, 79, 139, 174, 177, 192 | 39, 59 | ++ | |
| – Perceived barriers for PA/exercise | 39, 40, 79, 139, 176 | 53, 174 | -- | |
| – Outcome expectancies | 79, 104, 140, 162 | ++ | ||
| – Intention to PA/exercise | 79, 140 | + | ||
| – Perceived control | 79 | + | ||
| – Subjective norms | 79 | + | ||
| – Enjoyment of PA/exercise | 59 | + | ||
| – Perceived health risks of exercise | 140 | - | ||
| – Life satisfaction | 120 | + | ||
| – Career satisfaction | 182 | + | ||
| – Motivation for PA/exercise | 174 | ? | ||
| – Score on memory and intelligence tests | 32 | ? | ||
| – Commitment to an exercise plan | 53 | + | ||
| Physical skills, abilities, and fitness | ||||
| – Ability to do daily activities | 192 | + | ||
| – Physical and functional fitness (e.g. walking distance, leg strength) | 43, 34, 93, 166 (M, F) | ++ | ||
| – Score on Timed Up and Go test | 93 | - | ||
| Health behavioural and lifestyle factors | ||||
| – Smoking | 66 | 78 (M, F), 153 | ? | |
| – Alcohol consumption | 66 | 177 (M) | 177 (F) | ? |
| – Sedentary time | 58 | - | ||
| – Spare time | 59 | + | ||
| – Oral-health behaviours (i.e. tooth brushing, and regular dental visits) | 152 | + | ||
| Knowledge | ||||
| – Knowledge about PA/exercise | 59, 117, 188, 191 | 162 | ++ | |
| Social environment | ||||
| Social and cultural factors | ||||
| – Social support | 53, 192 | 98, 162, 174 | ? | |
| – General interpersonal influences | 139 | 117 | ? | |
| – Parent/family influences | 191, 192 | 39, 104 | ? | |
| – Friendship/companionship influences | 191, 192 | 104 | + | |
| – Hospital staff support | 191 | + | ||
| – Information support (e.g. from media) | 164 | + | ||
| – Religion (+ denotes Buddhists are more active, - denotes Muslims are more active) | 184, 192 | + | ||
| Physical environment | ||||
| Environmental factors | ||||
| – Supportive physical environment (e.g. facilities, supplies) | 39, 192 | 117 | + | |
| – Supportive neighbourhood environment | 39, 40, 104 | 98 | + | |
| – A sense of community | 98 | + | ||
| – Urban environment | 100 (M, F) | - | ||
| – Residential community (+ denotes rural community is more active, - denotes residential home is more active) | 68 | + | ||
| – Distance to work | 58 | ? | ||
| – Distance to the nearest shopping place | 58 | - | ||
| – Distance to the nearest recreation facility | 58 | ? | ||
| – Distance to the nearest religious establishment | 58 | ? | ||
(+) Mostly positive associations, (-) Mostly negative associations, (?) Mostly non-significant, indeterminate, or inconsistent associations, (M) Male, (F) Female