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. 2019 Apr 16;15:24. doi: 10.1186/s13223-018-0314-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Early and late phases showing the pathophysiological processes and drivers of allergic rhinitis and the potential sites for pharmacological intervention. ECP eosinophil cationic protein, ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule-1, IgE immunoglobulin E, IL interleukin