Table 1.
Participant characteristics by language version of WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire
| Characteristics | Category | Language | P-valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English (n = 428) | Chinese (n = 427) | Malay (n = 348) | |||
| Age, mean (SD) | – | 48.0 (16.5) | 52.8 (15.6) | 50.7 (14.7) | < 0.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | Female | 165 (38.6) | 184 (43.1) | 151 (43.4) | 0.288 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | Chinese | 172 (40.2) | 427 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001 |
| Malay | 114 (26.6) | 0 (0.0) | 345 (99.1) | ||
| Indian | 142 (33.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.9) | ||
| Education, n (%) | Primary or below | 39 (9.1) | 127 (29.7) | 90 (25.9) | N/A |
| Secondary | 219 (51.2) | 178 (41.7) | 222 (63.8) | ||
| Post-secondary | 170 (39.7) | 122 (28.6) | 36 (10.3) | ||
| Marital status, n (%) | Never married | 96 (22.4) | 63 (14.8) | 42 (12.1) | 0.002 |
| Married | 302 (70.6) | 327 (76.6) | 265 (76.2) | ||
| Divorced/separated | 14 (3.3) | 19 (4.5) | 18 (5.2) | ||
| Widowed | 16 (3.7) | 18 (4.2) | 23 (6.6) | ||
| Smoking, n (%) | Non-smoker | 293 (68.5) | 316 (74.0) | 214 (61.5) | 0.007 |
| Ex-smoker | 58 (13.6) | 49 (11.5) | 61 (17.5) | ||
| Current smoker | 77 (18.0) | 62 (14.5) | 73 (21.0) | ||
| Chronic disease, n (%) | Yes | 211 (49.3) | 236 (55.3) | 189 (54.3) | 0.177 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | – | 25.4 (4.9) | 24.3 (4.1) | 27.1 (5.9) | < 0.001 |
aDifference in continuous variables tested by ANOVA; differences in categorical variables tested by Chi-square