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. 2019 Apr 16;20:170. doi: 10.1186/s12891-019-2551-y

Table 2.

Longitudinal changes of CSA (cm2) of the paraspinal and psoas muscles (mean ± SD)

Baseline Follow-up P a 95% CI
PS 3–4 (R) 31.3 (4.0) 33.7 (4.3) < 0.01** 1.6 to 3.2
PS 3–4 (L) 30.7 (3.3) 33.2 (3.5) < 0.01** 1.6 to 3.4
PS 4–5 (R) 28. 7 (3.8) 30.1 (4.2) < 0.01** 0.7 to 2.2
PS 4–5 (L) 28.5 (4.3) 30.9 (4.7) < 0.01** 1.5 to 3.3
Psoas 3–4 (R) 16.9 (3.4) 17.4 (3.3) 0.02* 0.1 to 0.9
Psoas 3–4 (L) 17.4 (3.6) 17.7 (3.5) 0.27 0.3 to 0.9
Psoas 4–5 (R) 21.0 (3.2) 21.8 (3.9) 0.07 0.1 to 1.6
Psoas 4–5 (L) 21.5 (3.2) 22.2 (3.4) 0.05 0.1 to 1.3

CSA Cross-sectional area, PS Paraspinal muscles, R right, L left; aANOVA

for repeated measures, (Wilks’ Lambda) was used to obtain P values; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01