Table 2.

The calcium/calmodulin-stimulated protein kinase family mediate a variety of cancer-related functions in multiple cancer types in vitro. AML acute myeloid leukaemia; AIP autocamtide-2 inhibitory peptide; HCC hepatocellular carcinoma; siRNA small interfering RNA; shRNA short hairpin RNA; WT wild-type.

Target	Cancer	Cell Line(s)	Method of Manipulation	Effect	Reference
CaMKK	Prostate	LNCaP	Pharmacological inhibition (STO-609)	Decreased proliferation	[89]
		LNCaP, VCqP, C4-2B, 22Rv1	siRNA and pharmacological inhibition (STO-609)	Decreased proliferation	[91]
		LNCaP	siRNA and pharmacological inhibition (STO-609)	Decreased migration and invasion	[92]
		LNCaP	CaMKKβ overexpression	Increased migration	[92]
		LNCaP	CaMKKβ overexpression	Decreased proliferation	[90]
		DU145	CaMKKβ siRNA	Decreased proliferation	[107]
	Gastric	AGS, KATO-III, SNU-16, N87	CaMKKβ siRNA	Decreased proliferation	[85]
		SNU-1, N87	CaMKKβ siRNA and pharmacological inhibition (STO-609)	Decreased proliferation and induced apoptosis	[108]
	HCC	PHM1, SK-Hep1, HepG2	CaMKKβ siRNA and pharmacological inhibition (STO-609)	Decreased proliferation	[86]
	Glioma	U-87MG	CaMKKβ siRNA	Decreased proliferation, migration and invasion	[87]
	Ovarian	SKOV-3, OVCAR-3	CaMKKβ siRNA and pharmacological inhibition (STO-609)	Decreased proliferation and induced apoptosis	[88]
	Breast cancer	MCF-7	CaMKKα and CaMKKβ siRNA	Arrested cells in G1	[110]
	Medulloblastoma	DOAY	Expression of dominant negative CaMKK mutant	Decreased migration	[109]
CaMKI	AML	MV-4-11, Kasumi-1	shRNA and CaMKI overexpression	Downregulation decreased proliferation; Overexpression of kinase dead mutant decreased colony formation	[93]
	Breast cancer	MCF-7	siRNA	Arrested cells in G1	[110]
	Medulloblastoma	DOAY	Expression of dominant negative CaMKI mutant	Decreased migration	[109]
CaMKII	Osteosarcoma	MG-63, 143B, HOS	CaMKIIα shRNA and overexpression	Knockdown decreased proliferation, migration and invasion. Overexpression increased proliferation, migration, invasion	[101]
		MG-63, 154B	Wild-type and K42M kinase dead CaMKIIα overexpression	K42M kinase dead overexpression reduced growth	[102]
	AML	KG1, KCL22, THP-1, Kasumi-1	Overexpression of kinase dead truncated CaMKIIγ, CaMKIIγ shRNA, pharmacological inhibition (KN-62, KN-93, KN-92)	Kinase dead overexpression, shRNA and pharmacological inhibition decreased colony formation and proliferation.	[98]
	Lung cancer	SCC-9, NCI-H345, NCI-H128, NCI-H146, NCI-H69	Pharmacological inhibition (KN-62)	Slowed progression through S phase and decreased proliferation	[111]
	Medullary thyroid cancer	TT, MZ-CRC1	Pharmacological inhibition (antCaNtide)	Decreased cell proliferation	[112]
	Colon cancer	HCT116	Pharmacological inhibition (KN-92, KN-93)	Decreased proliferation, migration and invasion	[99]
	Gastric cancer	BGC-823	Pharmacological inhibition (KN-93) and CaMKIIβ shRNA	Decreased cell proliferation and migration, induced apoptosis	[113]
		BGC-823	Pharmacological inhibition (KN-62) and H282R constitutively active CaMKIIα overexpression	Pharmacological inhibition decreased cell proliferation. Overexpression of constitutively active increased cell proliferation, migration and invasion	[105]
	Prostate cancer	C4-2B, LNCaP, PC3, DU145	Pharmacological inhibition (KN-93)	Decreased proliferation	[114]
		1542-CP3TX	Pharmacological inhibition (AIP)	Decreased cell migration	[115]
	T cell lymphoma	H9	CaMKIIγ knockout by CRISPR/Cas	Decreased proliferation and colony formation	[116]
	Breast cancer	MDA-MB-231, MCF-7	Overexpression of CaMKIIα, T286D (phosphomimic) and T286V (phosphonull), Pharmacological inhibition (KN-92, KN-93, AIP)	Overexpression of WT and phosphomimic forms increased cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Pharmacological inhibition decreased migration and invasion	[100]
		MDA-MB-231	Overexpression of CaMKIIα, T286D (phosphomimic) and T253D (phosphomimic)	Overexpression of WT and T286D increased proliferation. Overexpression of T253D decreased proliferation	[117]
	Glioma	C6, U-251MG	Pharmacological inhibition (KN-93)	Decreased migration	[118]
		D54, H8a	Pharmacological inhibition (AIP)	Decreased migration	[119]
		U-87MG	CaMKIIγ siRNA, pharmacological inhibition (KN-93)	Decreased proliferation, invasion and neurosphere formation	[120]
CaMKIV	AML	Lin− AML, MV-4-11, Kasumi-1	CaMKIV and K75M overexpression and CaMKIV shRNA	CaMKIV-K75M overexpression and shRNA knockdown decreased colony formation. shRNA knockdown induced apoptosis and decreased proliferation.	[93]
		U937	CaMKIV wild-type and K71M kinase dead mutant overexpression	Cells arrested in G0/G1 following WT, but not K71M, overexpression	[121]
	HCC	PHM1, SK-Hep1	CaMKIV siRNA	Inhibited colony formation and proliferation	[86]