TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) cases and controls
| Matched controls | Matched PAH cases | All PAH cases | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subjects | 149 | 78 | 112 |
| Age years | 68 (62–74) | 67 (60–71) | 68 (61–74) |
| Race | |||
| White | 79 (53) | 67 (86) | 97 (86) |
| Black | 29 (19) | 9 (12) | 13 (12) |
| Asian | 41 (28) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
| Other | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | |
| BMI kg·m−2 | 26 (23–28) | 27 (23–30) | 28 (24–33) |
| Diagnosis | |||
| Idiopathic PAH | 26 (33) | 39 (35) | |
| CTD-associated PAH | 46 (59) | 65 (58) | |
| CHD-associated PAH | 6 (8) | 8 (7) | |
| WHO functional class | |||
| Subjects with available data | 53 | 81 | |
| I | 1 (2) | 1 (1) | |
| II | 15 (28) | 24 (30) | |
| III | 19 (36) | 33 (41) | |
| IV | 18 (34) | 23 (28) | |
| 6-min walking distance m | 368 (244–419) | 324 (198–396) | |
| Haemodynamics | |||
| Right atrial pressure mmHg | 7 (4–10) | 7 (4–13) | |
| Mean pulmonary artery pressure mmHg | 44 (35–52) | 44 (35–53) | |
| Cardiac output L·min−1 | 4.7 (3.8–5.6) | 4.7 (3.7–5.8) | |
| Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure mmHg | 11 (8–13) | 11 (8–14) | |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance Wood units | 6.6 (4.4–9.1) | 6.8 (4.4–9.4) | |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||
| RVSP mmHg | 60 (40–75) | 60 (43–75) | |
| Subjects with available data | 45 | 70 | |
| RV enlargement | |||
| Subjects with available data | 71 | 103 | |
| Mild | 15 (21) | 36 (35) | |
| Moderate | 14 (20) | 19 (18) | |
| Severe | 17 (24) | 24 (23) | |
| RV dysfunction | |||
| Subjects with available data | 71 | 104 | |
| Mild | 10 (14) | 13 (13) | |
| Moderate | 15 (21) | 21 (20) | |
| Severe | 11 (15) | 19 (18) | |
| BNP pg·mL−1 | 139 (53–295) | 144 (55–366) | |
| Subjects with available data | 48 | 70 | |
| PAH therapies | |||
| Calcium channel blockers | 13 (17) | 20 (18) | |
| Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors | 50 (64) | 67 (60) | |
| Endothelin receptor antagonists | 40 (51) | 53 (47) | |
| Prostacyclin analogues | 27 (35) | 35 (31) | |
| Combination therapy | 67 (86) | 90 (80) |
Data are presented as n, median (interquartile range) or n (%). BMI: body mass index; CTD: connective tissue disease; CHD: congenital heart disease; WHO: World Health Organization; RVSP: right ventricular systolic pressure; RV: right ventricle; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide.