Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of participants in virtual and live choirs before and after propensity score matching.
| Before matching | After matching | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual choir (n = 1,241) | Live choir (n = 5,732) | p | Virtual choir (n = 1,180) | Live choir (n = 1,180) | p | |
| Age (mean years, SD) | 36.6 ± 15.3 | 44.6 ± 14.4 | <0.001 | 37.0 ± 15.4 | 37.6 ± 15.3 | 0.20 |
| Gender (female) | 865 (69.7%) | 3,507 (61.2%) | <0.001 | 800 (69.2%) | 806 (69.6%) | 0.79 |
| Ethnicity (white) | 998 (84.4%) | 5,130 (89.5%) | <0.001 | 984 (85.0%) | 987 (85.2%) | 0.90 |
| In work/study | 1,098 (88.5%) | 4,779 (83.4%) | <0.001 | 1,024 (88.4%) | 1,017 (87.8%) | 0.65 |
| Living alone | 218 (17.6%) | 905 (15.8%) | 0.12 | 206 (17.8%) | 207 (17.9%) | <0.99 |
| Years singing | <0.001 | 0.10 | ||||
| <10 years | 494 (39.5%) | 1,108 (19.3%) | 445 (38.4%) | 450 (38.9%) | ||
| 10–19 years | 400 (32.3%) | 939 (16.4%) | 381 (32.9%) | 343 (29.6%) | ||
| 20–39 years | 236 (19.0%) | 2,016 (35.2%) | 225 (19.4%) | 250 (21.6%) | ||
| 40+ years | 110 (8.9%) | 1,669 (29.1%) | 107 (9.2%) | 115 (9.9%) | ||
| Freq of singing | <0.001 | 0.77 | ||||
| <once a week | 14 (1.1%) | 637 (11.1%) | 12 (1.0%) | 21 (1.8%) | ||
| Every week | 303 (24.5%) | 2,204 (38.5%) | 291 (25.1%) | 276 (23.8%) | ||
| Every day | 922 (74.4%) | 2,891 (50.4%) | 855 (73.8%) | 861 (74.4%) | ||
| Loneliness | 0.56 | 0.73 | ||||
| Hardly ever | 544 (43.9%) | 2,453 (42.8%) | 500 (43.2%) | 504 (43.5%) | ||
| Sometimes | 536 (43.2%) | 2,477 (43.2%) | 506 (43.7%) | 519 (44.8%) | ||
| All the time | 160 (12.9%) | 802 (14.0%) | 152 (13.1%) | 135 (11.7%) | ||
Bold indicates p < 0.05.