Fig. 3.

Growth, glucose consumption, and product formation during ammonium-depleted batch cultivations of E. coli AF1000 engineered for production of 3HB. a pJBG-Blank pBAD-(Km)-Blank, non-3HB-producing reference strain. b pJBGT3RX pBAD-(Km)-Blank, 3HB-producing control strain. c pJBGT3RX pBAD-(Km)-yciA. d pJBGT3RX pBAD-(Km)-zwf-yciA, in batch during ammonium depletion. The shown parameters are cell dry weight (CDW, open squares), glucose (Glc, open circles), ammonium (NH₄⁺, filled triangles), acetic acid (HAc, crosses), and (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB, filled diamonds). 3HB, glucose, and HAc were fitted with first-order polynomials in the depleted phase. The dashed lines mark the shift between exponential growth and nitrogen depletion. This figure shows one representative replicate experiment for every strain. The remaining replicates of the set of triplicate (control, t3-rx and t3-rx-yciA) and duplicate (t3-rx-yciA-zwf) are included as Fig. S1 and Fig. S2 in Supplementary Material