Fig 6. Sequence alignment of the parC (DNA topoisomerase) gene sequence (5) that confers resistance to quinolones (Ciprofloxacin).

Quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR) were amplified by PCR and sequenced using the primers [55, 56]. The substitution was seen at position 80 (responsible for quinolone resistance) and 84 (increase affinity to ciprofloxacin by producing positively charged amino acid) as described by [55, 63]. This amino substitution does not alter the stereochemical structure greatly and is therefore unlikely to confer resistance to quinolones on its own. The parC reference sequence (CP018995.1) was obtained from the NCBI database and accession number KY753821 was generated from the study.