Table 3. Differentiation-related proteins.
| Proteins | Calcium | Calcium | Calcium | Aquamin | Aquamin | Aquamin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5mM | 2.1mM | 3.0mM | (1.5mM Calcium) | (2.1mM Calcium) | (3.0mM Calcium) | |
| Differentiation-related | ||||||
| Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 20 (CK20) | 1.42±0.33 | *1.46±0.21 | *1.62±0.06 | 1.42±0.33 | *1.47±0.24 | 1.35±0.15 |
| Epiplakin | 1.57±0.73 | 1.42±0.47 | *1.39±0.11 | 1.43±0.39 | 1.57±0.58 | *1.76±0.35 |
| Cadherin-family members | ||||||
| Cadherin-17 | *4.28±1.04 | *4.57±1.43 | *5.65±0.69 | *3.89±0.9 | *3.87±0.98 | *4.62±0.25 |
| Protocadherin-1 | *2.21±0.43 | *2.48±0.52 | 2.37±0.84 | *1.90±0.38 | *2.13±0.18 | *2.17±0.25 |
| Cadherin-related family member 2 | 1.63±0.57 | 1.57±0.41 | *1.52±0.02 | 1.46±0.51 | 1.53±0.65 | 1.13±0.33 |
| Cadherin-related family member 5 | 1.66±0.56 | 1.54±0.41 | 1.45±0.24 | 1.56±0.60 | 1.60±0.67 | 1.25±0.30 |
| Cadherin-1 | 1.01±0.07 | 1.05±0.03 | 1.01±0.10 | 1.02±0.10 | 0.98±0.09 | 0.92±0.01 |
| Tight junctional proteins | ||||||
| Claudin-3 | 1.23±0.21 | 1.08±0.11 | 1.11±0.09 | 1.14±0.16 | 1.12±0.15 | 1.12±0.27 |
| Claudin-4 | 1.22±0.23 | 1.17±0.23 | *1.17±0.05 | 1.18±0.14 | 1.08±0.22 | *1.14±0.03 |
| Claudin-7 | 1.24±0.35 | 1.25±0.27 | 1.22±0.25 | 1.28±0.28 | 1.10±0.34 | 1.17±0.12 |
| Claudin-23 | 3.46±3.84 | 2.34±1.87 | *1.36±0.07 | 3.05±2.80 | 2.04±1.77 | 1.36±0.71 |
| Occludin | 1.08±0.15 | 1.12±0.13 | 1.01±0.10 | 1.06±0.15 | 1.03±0.14 | 0.96±0.10 |
| Desmosomal proteins | ||||||
| Desmoglein-2 | *2.52±0.42 | *2.54±0.61 | *3.15±0.06 | *2.40±0.52 | *2.37±0.57 | *2.70±0.07 |
| Desmocollin-2 | *1.84±0.18 | *1.87±0.25 | *2.11±0.32 | *1.81±0.24 | *1.68±0.17 | *1.81±0.07 |
| Desmoplakin | 1.64±0.62 | 1.39±0.30 | 1.59±0.26 | 1.52±0.50 | 1.75±0.73 | 1.83±0.52 |
| PERP | *1.75±0.26 | *1.61±0.22 | 1.78±0.32 | *1.51±0.24 | *1.62±0.32 | 1.56±0.21 |
| Cell-matrix adhesion proteins | ||||||
| Laminin subunit alpha-1 | 1.46±0.41 | 1.40±0.43 | *2.78±0.12 | 1.62±0.44 | 2.59±1.61 | *3.54±0.76 |
| Laminin subunit beta-1 | 1.50±0.51 | 1.47±0.53 | *2.93±0.01 | 1.70±0.47 | 2.66±1.87 | *3.66±0.65 |
| Laminin subunit beta-2 | 1.26±0.20 | *1.37±0.18 | 2.62±1.21 | 1.64±0.69 | *1.90±0.50 | 3.50±2.33 |
| Laminin subunit gamma-1 | 1.54±0.54 | 1.49±0.57 | *3.11±0.10 | 1.71±0.50 | 2.81±2.07 | *3.97±0.94 |
| CEACAM1 | 1.81±0.52 | *1.61±0.35 | *1.61±0.03 | 1.88±0.74 | 3.91±3.69 | 1.25±0.32 |
| CEACAM5 | 1.43±0.29 | *1.36±0.19 | 1.51±0.22 | *1.52±0.31 | 1.54±0.61 | 1.24±0.56 |
| CEACAM6 | *1.26±0.15 | 1.20±0.14 | *1.26±0.01 | 1.33±0.32 | 1.37±0.47 | 1.01±0.23 |
| CEACAM7 | *2.05±0.52 | *1.92±0.46 | *1.94±0.04 | 2.26±0.88 | 2.13±0.93 | 1.59±0.40 |
| Nidogen-1 | 1.53±0.51 | 1.45±0.50 | *2.68±0.27 | *1.58±0.24 | 2.53±1.82 | *3.24±0.002 |
| Fibronectin type III domain 3B | 1.72±0.99 | 1.52±0.70 | 1.13±0.28 | 1.32±0.34 | 2.10±1.47 | 1.27±0.26 |
| HSPG2 (Perlecan) | 1.18±0.12 | 1.20±0.17 | *1.49±0.25 | 1.18±0.15 | 1.44±0.49 | *1.63±0.14 |
| Calcium and integrin-binding protein 1 | *1.26±0.12 | *1.30±0.10 | *1.38±0.08 | *1.36±0.14 | *1.24±0.12 | 1.21±0.14 |
| Integrin alpha-V | 1.22±0.15 | *1.23±0.14 | *1.21±0.07 | *1.19±0.10 | 1.19±0.13 | 1.19±0.07 |
| Integrin beta-5 | 1.27±0.28 | 1.17±0.11 | *1.07±0.02 | 1.13±0.08 | 1.23±0.18 | *1.11±0.01 |
| CD44 antigen | 0.69±0.25 | 0.77±0.35 | 0.67±0.28 | *0.60±0.09 | *0.56±0.11 | *0.54±0.03 |
| Mucin-5B | 1.51±0.41 | *1.54±0.35 | *1.55±0.19 | *1.49±0.23 | 1.62±0.57 | 1.17±0.42 |
| Other proteins of interest | ||||||
| Olfactomedin-4 | 1.36±0.91 | 1.39±0.63 | 1.22±0.93 | 2.16±1.00 | *2.14±0.43 | 2.27±1.54 |
| Transcriptional coactivator YAP1 | 0.58±0.35 | 0.68±0.29 | 0.49±0.45 | 0.71±0.22 | *0.72±0.12 | *0.73±0.14 |
| Spindlin-1 | 0.77±0.32 | *0.72±0.07 | *0.59±0.04 | 0.77±0.22 | 0.66±0.32 | 0.81±0.42 |
Values represent average fold-change across specimens from three different subjects. Specimens from each subject were assessed separately and fold-change with each intervention compared to control (0.25 mM calcium). Then values from each intervention for all three subjects were averaged to generate the average fold-change values shown. Asterisks indicate statistical significance at p<0.05 based on student t-test with correction for multiple comparisons. PERP = P53 apoptosis effector related to PMP22. CAECAM = Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule. HSPG2 = Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan 2.