Table 2.
Multilevel Negative Binomial Regression Analyses Predicting Crime.
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High-High | −0.663 (.082)*** | −0.702 (.087)*** | −0.554 (.096)*** | −0.438 (.096)*** |
| High-low | 0.IS9 (.066)* | 0.185 (.066)** | 0.179 (.069)** | 0.128 (.068)† |
| Low-High | −0.715 (.099)*** | −0.676 (.101)*** | −0.502 (.102)*** | −0.342 (.102)** |
| Neighborhood disadvantage (Wave 4)a | 0.023 (.004)*** | 0.034 (.006)*** | 0.031 (.006)*** | 0.018 (.006)** |
| High-High × Wave 4 Disadvantage | −0.032 (.012)** | −0.025 (.012)* | −0.011 (.011) | |
| High-Low × Wave 4 Disadvantage | −0.029 (.010)** | −0.024 (.010)* | −0.020 (.009)* | |
| Low-High × Wave 4 Disadvantage | <0.001 (.016) | <0.001 (.016) | 0.015 (.016) | |
| Delinquency | 0.101 (.009)*** | 0.095 (.008)*** | ||
| GPAa | −0.031 (.036) | −0.013 (.037) | ||
| Low self-control | 0.225 (.036)*** | 0.199 (.036)*** | ||
| Parent(s) occupation | 0.005 (.019) | 0.010 (.018) | ||
| Lived with biological parents | −0.229 (.054)*** | −0.114 (.053)* | ||
| AHPVTa | 0.009 (.002)*** | 0.008 (.002)*** | ||
| Neighborhood disadvantage (Wave l)a | −0.008 (.005) | −0.005 (.005) | ||
| Crime rate (per 100,000) | <0.001 (<.001) | |||
| Married no kids | 0.299 (.107)** | |||
| Cohabiting with kids | 0.611 (.101)*** | |||
| Cohabiting no Kids | 1.030 (.092)*** | |||
| Single with kids | 0.823 (.106)*** | |||
| Single no kids | 1.064 (.074)*** | |||
| Unemployed | 0.165 (.090)† | |||
| Student | 0.051 (.144) | |||
| Military | −0.364 (.176)* | |||
| Disabled/sick | 0.458 (.205)* | |||
| Retired/homemaker | −0.344 (.156)* | |||
| Economic problems | 0.245 (.021)*** | |||
| Welfare | 0.346 (.063)*** | |||
| Male | 1.134 (.053)*** | 1.133 (.053)*** | 0.935 (.053)*** | 1.019 (.059)*** |
| Black | 0.247 (.080)** | 0.242 (.079)** | 0.329 (.084)*** | 0.125 (.083) |
| Hispanic | −0.035 (.085) | −0.035 (.085) | −0.030 (.086) | −0.079 (.085) |
| Asian | −0.397 (.159)* | −0.408 (.159)* | −0.233 (.154) | −0.349 (.152)* |
| Other | −0.069 (.201) | −0.078 (.201) | −0.054 (.198) | −0.196 (.194) |
| Agea | −0.135 (.015)*** | −0.136 (.015)*** | −0.140 (.015)*** | −0.105 (.014)*** |
| Constant | −1.818 (.063)*** | −1.846 (.064)*** | −2.241 (.092)*** | −3.376 (.126)*** |
| AIC | 19,087.660 | 19,080.700 | 18,711.470 | 18,232.430 |
| Model χ2 | 1,511.500*** | 1,537.420*** | 2,303.880*** | 3,313.960*** |
Note. Standard errors in parentheses. N = 14,539 respondents; 1,965 tracts. GPA = grade point average; AHPVT = Add Health Picture Vocabulary test; AIC = Akaike information criterion.
a
Centered.
†
p < .10.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.