Table 2.

The types, energies (eV) and strengths of transitions for major organic functional groups measured in XANES and EELS spectra.

Functional group	Formula	Transition	Strength	Energy
Carbon
olefin	-C=C-	1s-π*	Strong	284.8
aromatic	C=C	1s-π*	Strong	285.0
ketones	R-CO-R	1s-π*	Strong	286.5–286.7
ene-ketones	AR-CO-R	1s-π*	Strong	286.5–286.7
nitrile	C≡N	1s-π*	Strong	286.6–286.7
phenols	AR-OH	1s-π*	Strong	287.2
aryl ethers	AR-O-R	1s-π*	Strong	287.8–287.9
aliphatic C	C-C	1s-3p/s	Weak	287.8–288.0
carboxyl	COOH	1s-π*	Strong	288.5
ester	COOR	1s-π*	Strong	288.7
alcohols	C-OH	1s-3p/s	Weak	289.5
ethers	C-O-C	1s-3p/s	Weak	289.5

Nitrogen
imines	C=N-R	1s-π*	Strong	398.6–399.0
nitrile	C≡N	1s-π*	Strong	399.7–399.9
amine	C-NH₂	1s- σ*	Weak	401.2–401.4
amide	-CO-NR₂	1s-σ*	Strong	401.4–401.5
pyrroles	AR-NH-AR	1s-π*	Strong	402.3
nitro	C-NO₂	1s-π*	Strong	403.8
nitrate	NO₃⁻	1s-π*	Strong	405.4

Oxygen
carbonyl	C=O	1s-π*	Strong	531.3
ether/alcohol	C-O-R	1s-σ*	Weak	533.9–534.1

Sulfur
disulfide	R-S-S-R	1s-3p	Weak	2472
thiols	R-S-R	1s-3p	Weak	2473
	AR-S-AR	1s-3p	Weak	2474
sulfoxides	R₂-S=O	1s-3p	Strong	2476
sulfones	R-SO₂-R	1s-3p	Strong	2480
sulfonates	R-SO₂O-R	1s-3p	Strong	2482