Table 4.

Cox proportional hazards models – East African Rural HDSSs.

	Kilifi HDSS		Kisumu HDSS
	All deaths		All deaths
	Male	Female	Male	Female
Permanent resident (Ref)	1			1
In-migrant
6 – 24 months in HDSS	0.59*** (0.53–0.66)	0.58*** (0.52–0.64)	1.35*** (1.23–1.49)	1.80*** (1.64–1.97)
25 – 59 months in HDSS	0.67*** (0.60–0.74)	0.74*** (0.67–0.82)	1.12** (1.01–1.24)	1.26*** (1.13–1.40)
60 + months in HDSS	0.96 (0.85–1.08)	1.12* (1.00–1.25)	0.95 (0.81–1.12)	1.17* (0.99–1.39)
Return migrant
6 – 24 months in HDSS	0.56*** (0.44–0.71)	0.62*** (0.49–0.77)	1.36*** (1.17–1.57)	1.53*** (1.31–1.79)
25 – 59 months in HDSS	0.76** (0.61–0.96)	0.86 (0.68–1.07)	1.40*** (1.21–1.62)	1.13 (0.94–1.36)
60 + months in HDSS	0.75 (0.49–1.13)	0.92 (0.63–1.34)	1.15 (0.87–1.52)	1.12 (0.79–1.60)
Return migrant exposure < 36months (Ref)	1	1	1	1
36 + months away	0.96 (0.71–1.29)	1.11 (0.83–1.48)	1.04 (0.81 – 1.33)	0.88 (0.64–1.23)
Period
1 Jan 1998–1 Jan 2001 (1998)	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
1 Jan 2001–1 Jan 2004 (2001)	0.97 (0.88–1.07)	1.06 (0.96–1.16)	n.a.	n.a.
1 Jan 2004–1 Jan 2007 (2004)	1.16*** (1.06–1.27)	1.31*** (1.20–1.42)	1.80*** (1.68–1.92)	2.21*** (2.07–2.36)
1 Jan 2007–1 Jan 2010 (2007)	1.00 (0.91–1.09)	0.98 (0.90–1.06)	1.39*** (1.31 – 1.48)	1.57*** (1.48–1.68)
1 Jan 2010–1 Jan 2013 (2010) (Ref)	1	1	1	1
Education
No Formal (Ref)	1	1	1	1
Some primary	0.89** (0.81–0.99)	1.05 (0.94–1.17)	0.70*** (0.63–0.78)	0.81*** (0.75–0.87)
Some secondary	0.83** (0.71–0.96)	0.91 (0.73–1.14)	0.53*** (0.47–0.60)	0.55*** (0.49–0.62)
Some tertiary	0.72** (0.56–0.93)	0.66* (0.42–1.06)	0.36*** (0.30–0.43)	0.32*** (0.24–0.43)
Unknown	4.10*** (3.77–4.47)	8.38*** (7.80–9.01)	0.75*** (0.66–0.85)	0.92* (0.84–1.01)
Observations	2,382,427	3097 890	292,304	352,742
Wald Chi-square	2033	3974	623.3	969
Log likelihood	−34689	−39304	−53320	−56146
Subjects	145,669	168,010	98,838	123,054
Time at risk	557,901	722,164	393,920	482,936
Failures	4145	4548	6345	6396

^***p < 0.01

^**p < 0.05

^*p < 0.1.

n.a. = not applicable.