Table 1.
Summary of antibodies delivered against intracellular targets using various techniques
| Methods | Target | Ref. | Benefits | Drawbacks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Classical Methods | Microinjection | Anti-Mx antibody; to study the anti-viral effects of Mx protein | 14 | Quantitative transduction efficiency | Single cell injection, tedious, impacts cell viability |
| Electroporation | Anti-p21-ras antibody (G-protein family encoded by ras oncogenes) | 16 | Entry into multiple cells simultaneously | Requires special instrumentation, impacts cell viability, inefficient, in-vitro technique | |
| Anti-pp60-c-src kinase antibody | 17 | ||||
| Anti-lipoxygenase activity (in plant cells) | 18 | ||||
| Anti-G1-specific cyclin D1 (cell- cycle protein) | 19 | ||||
| Cell Penetrating Peptides | Tat | Anti-Tat antibody | 35 | Protein modified with short peptide sequences, flexibility in electrostatic and covalent complexation with CPPs/generation of fusion proteins, great technique for in-vitro delivery | Delivery efficiency/endoso mal escape is dependent upon the combination of CPP and protein, possibility of altered targeting ability of antibody, lack cell specificity, can seldom be used in-vivo, prone to degradation by proteases |
| Anti-syntaxin 1 (t-SNARE protein) | 36 | ||||
| Anti-tetanus toxin antibody | 37 | ||||
| Anti-HIV-1 Rev antibody | 38 | ||||
| Anti-Hepatitis B Virus X protein | 39 | ||||
| Anti-melanoma antibody NRML- 05 | 43 | ||||
| 123-I-anti mouse antibody, Anti- p21-WAF-1/Cip-1 antibody (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor) | 44,45 | ||||
| ScFv for EDB domain of fibronectin (in ECM of tumor) | 70 | ||||
| Anti-DNA antibody (3E10) | Bispecific antibody with 3G5 (binds to MDM2 and inhibits interaction with p53) | 47 | |||
| Buforin IIb derived CPP | BR2 fused to anti-Kras ScFv | 48 | |||
| Transportan | Anti-NifS, Anti-biotin antibody | 49 | |||
| Vetocell Peptides | Anti-peroxidase antibody | 50 | |||
| Membrane Translocating Sequence (MTS) | Anti-Akt1-ScFv (serine-threonine kinase protein B), 5D10 (human B-cell lymphoma), S1C5 (mouse B-cell tumor) | 51,52 | |||
| Oligoarginines | Polyclonal IgG | 53 | |||
| Pep-1 | Anti-β-actin, Anti-LAMP-1 | 57, 58 (review) | |||
| Protein A/G | Anti-mouse IgG, Anti- mitochondrial antibody (MTC02) | 59, 60 | |||
| Fc-Binding Peptide | Rabbit/Human IgG | 62 | |||
| Hemagglutinating virus of Japan Envelope | Mouse IgG, Anti-nuclear pore complex, Anti-tubulin | 63 | |||
| M-lycotoxin derived CPP | Anti-His-6-tag-antibody, Anti- glucocorticoid receptor antibody | 67 | |||
| Anti-ATP5A antibody (recognizes α-subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase) | 68 | ||||
| Collagen-like CPP | Anti-rabbit IgG | 71 | |||
| Nanoparticles | |||||
| Composition | |||||
| Inorganic Nanoparticles (NP) | Non-Porous SiNPs | Anti-phospho-Akt | 78 | Biocompatibility, surface functionalization capabilities, pore volume tunability, inherent rigidity | Delayed and uncontrolled release of payload, toxicity |
| Mesoporous hollow dendritic SiNPs | IgG | 80 | |||
| Mesoporous hollow SiNPs with large surface hole | IgG | 81 | |||
| Rough SiNPs (RSN) | Anti-phospho-Akt | 83 | |||
| Biodegradable SiNPs with poly(disulphide) surface | Cetuximab | 85 | |||
| Polymeric NP/non- covalent complexation |
Poly(N,N- diethylacrylamide) (PDEAAm)-streptavidin | IgG | 88 | Quick formulation, efficient uptake in cells | Toxicity because of cationic species |
| Biotinylated PPAAc | Anti-CD3 antibody | 89 | |||
| Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) | Anti-AnnexinA2 (AnxA2) antibody | 91 | |||
| PEI | Anti-Lamin | 93 | |||
| Polybutylcyanoacrylat e nanoparticles | Anti-synuclein | 94 | |||
| Polyion complex based on (PAsp(DET)) | IgG, Anti-nuclear pore complex (NPC), Anti-NPC | 96, 97 | |||
| Guanidinium based amphiphilic polymer | Anti-pPKCθ | 99 | |||
| Polymeric NP/covalent conjugation | PEI | IgG, rabbit anti-body against human S100C | 100 | Tunability in molecular weight, particle size and surface functional groups; longer circulation time | Permanent modification, low endosomal escape, slow release |
| CPD | IgG | 86 | |||
| Amphiphilic polyanhydride nanoparticles |
Anti-TNF-α | 103 | |||
| Liposomal delivery | Cationic PULSin | Mouse-IgG, anti-giantin & anti- nuclear pore complex antibody | 112 | Biocompatible & biodegradable, tunability in surface functionalization, straight-forward formulating steps | Sub-optimal encapsulation efficacy, poor in vivo stability, systemic opsonization & fast clearance, limited scope for incorporation of responsive moieties |
| TFA-DODAPL & DOPE | IgG | 113 | |||
| DOSP & MM27 | Anti-cytokeratin 8 (K8) antibody | 114 | |||
| Stearyl-R8-GALA, DOPE, CHEMS | Mouse anti-nuclear pore complex antibody, IgG | 115 | |||
| DPPC, DOTAP,cholesterol, PEG2000-DSPE | Anti-TuBB-9 antibody (inactivates nuclear Ki-67 protein) | 116 | |||
| DOPC, DOPE, cholesterol, DSPE-PEG3400-NHS modified antibody | Anti-IL6R & Anti-CD44 (for targetting) antibody | 118 | |||
| DSPE-4A (attached with four arginine), DSPE-Hy-PEG2k (attached with benzaldehyde), DOPC, cholesterol | Anti-S100A4 (inactivates apoptotic p53 protein) antibody | 119 |