| Alfentanil |
|---|
| lphaprodine |
| Buprenorphinea |
| Butorphanol |
| Codeine |
| Dezocine |
| Dihydrocodeine |
| Fentanyl |
| Hydrocodone |
| Hydromorphone |
| Levorphanol |
| Meperidine |
| Methadone |
| Morphine |
| Nalbuphine |
| Oxycodone |
| Oxymorphone |
| Pentazocine |
| Propoxyphene |
| Remifentanil |
| Sufentanil |
| Tapentadolb |
| Tramadolb |
| Phenylephrine/dihydrocodeine |
| Brompheniramine/pseudoephedrine/dihydrocodeine |
| Pyrilam/phenylephedrine/dihydrocodeine |
| Hydrocodone/chlorpherniramine |
a
This includes all forms of buprenorphine including suboxone. Among 1181 decedents, 14 Veterans had suboxone as the only opioid medication prescribed within one year of death. used to treat pain, and excludes formulations intended for treating opioid use disorder.
b
We included tramadol and tapentadol because these drugs are opioid receptor agonists and inhibitors of norepinephrine uptake.