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. 2019 Apr 17;9:6212. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42707-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PKM2 expression and clinical implication in ulcerative colitis (UC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). (a) Venn diagram of genes showing significant differential expression between normal and UC tissue in three different patient cohorts. A univariate test (two-sample t-test) with a multivariate permutation test (10,000 random permutations) was employed. In each comparison, a cut-off p-value of <0.001 was applied to retain genes with an expression level that differed significantly between the two groups of tissues examined. Expression of 893 genes was commonly up- or down-regulated in all three cohorts. (b) Genes involved in inflammation and metabolism are highlighted in bold text. (c) PKM gene expression from multiple CRC patient cohorts. P-values show significance of expression between two groups. (d) Indicated CRC patient cohorts were dichotomized by relatively high or low PKM gene expression using the best cutoff-based on median values and then used for plotting. (e) Immunohistochemistry staining of PKM2 in normal (left), UC (middle), and CRC (right) patients. Original magnification, x200. (f) Scatter plots and correlation of Lgr5 and PKM gene expression from indicated CRC cohorts. Data represent mean ± s.d. of indicated samples. Student’s t-test was used to examine statistical significance.