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. 2019 Apr 11;7:76. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00076

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Copyright © 2019 Becker, Junghans, Teleki, Bechmann and Takors.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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ATP production rate during growth phase (A), early stationary phase (B), and early decline phase (C) for the three process settings divided into the origin of ATP formation. Values for oxidative phosphorylation include NADH or FADH₂ produced in both glycolysis and TCA. ATP directly from TCA originates from succinyl-CoA synthetase. Results were obtained from the flux balance analysis. Errors were determined through Monte Carlo sampling of the solution space of each the bioreactor cultivations in triplicates.