Table 5.

Effects of yogic breathing in various clinical population.

Sl No.	Author	Year	Sample size	Disorder	Variables studied	Findings
1	Singh et al.	1990	18	Br. Asthma	Airway reactivity, airway caliber	Increase in the need of histamine for reduction in Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) with Pranayama in ratio of 1:2 for inhalation: exhalation than control group.
2	Cooper et al.	2003	90	Br. Asthma	Symptom scores, FEV1	At 3rd and 6th month, symptoms remained stable in Pranayama group, whereas decrease in symptoms was noted in Buteyko breathing. No between group difference in FEV1 were noted.
3	Saxena & Saxena	2009	50	Br. Asthma	Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR), FEV1, Symptoms	A combination of slow breathing, Bhramari and Omkara significantly improved symptoms, FEV1 and PEFR in patients with Bronchial Asthma.
4	Prem et al.	2013	120	Br. Asthma	Asthma Quality of life, PFT	Buteyko breathing showed better trends of improvement in quality of life and asthma control than the group performing the Pranayama.
5	Raghavendra et al.	2016	60	Br. Asthma	FEV1, FVC, FEV1:FVC	10 min of practice of Kapalabhati enhances FEV1, FVC and FEV1:FVC ratio in patients with mild to moderate Asthma, when compared to control who performed deep breathing.
6	Dabhade et al.	2012	15	Cardiac Arrhythmias	ECG	In patients with cardiac arrthymias, there was improvement in QTd, QTc-d, JTd, and JTc-d following the Pranayama session, indicating reduction the indices of ventricular repolarization dispersion.
7	Dhruva et al.	2012	16	Cancer	Cancer related Symptoms, quality of life	Improved quality of sleep, quality of life and reduced anxiety following Pranayama between 2 chemotherapy sessions.
8	Chakrabarty et al.	2015	160	Cancer	Cancer related fatigue	Scores of Cancer related fatigue reduced following practice of Pranayama along with radiation therapy (RT) than RT alone.
9	Jyotsna et al.	2012	49	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	WHOQoL BREF, FBS, PPBS, HbA1C	There was significant improvement in the QOL and a non-significant trend toward improvement in glycemic control in the group practicing the yogic breathing program than standard treatment alone.
10	Jyotsna et al.	2013	64	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	Cardiac autonomic functions	Pranayama along with standard therapy improved sympathetic functions in diabetics than those who were on standard therapy alone.
11	Bhavanani et al.	2012	22	Hypertension	Heart rate, blood pressure	Immediate reduction in heart rate, systolic pressure, pulse pressure following Chandra Nadi Pranayama was noted
12	Bhavanani et al.	2012	29	Hypertension	Heart rate, blood pressure	Reduction in systolic pressure, pulse pressure and heart rate in hypertensive patients was observed following Pranava Pranayama.
13	Marshall et al.	2013	11	Stroke	Attention, language, spatial abilities, depression, and anxiety	Uninostril breathing practice reduced anxiety in post stroke cases and improved language measures in individuals with aphasia due to stroke.
14	Marshall et al.	2015	3	Stroke	Western Aphasia Battery-R (WAB-R) and Communication Abilities of Daily Living-2 (CADL-2)	In 2 out of 3 cases of stroke induced aphasia, Forced Uninostril breathing along with speech therapy showed improvement in correct information unit and word productivity.
15	Nemati.	2013	107	Test Anxiety	Sarason's test anxiety scale, test performance	Following practice of Pranayama for a semester, fewer participants experienced high test anxiety, compared to the control group. Participants in the Pranayama group also had higher scores in the test performance than controls.
16	Mooventhan et al.	2014	1	Pulmonary Tuberculosis	Weight, body mass index, symptom scores, pulmonary function and health related quality of life with conversion of positive to negative FME for acid fast bacilli	There were significant changes in weight, body mass index, symptom scores, pulmonary function and health related quality of life with conversion of positive to negative FME for acid fast bacilli, when the patient of Pulmonary Tuberculosis