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. 2019 Apr 17;9:6224. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42728-3

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Blood glucose levels, counterregulatory hormones, and neuronal activation in hypothalamus after overnight fasting and insulin-induced hypoglycemia in C57BL/6 mice. (A) Time course of blood glucose levels in fasted mice following i.p. insulin injection (1IU/kg) (n = 12 per blood sampling time). (B) Blood glucose levels in fed, fasted and fasted + insulin treated groups 1 hour after i.p. saline/insulin injection (n = 29–33 per group). (C–E) Hormonal responses to fasting and insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Elevation of plasma corticosterone (C) (n = 3–4), adrenaline (D) (n = 4-4) and glucagon (E) (n = 5–8 per group) plasma concentrations 1 h after insulin challenge. (F) Relative expression level of c-fos mRNA as measured by qRT-PCR in hypothalamus of fed, fasted, and fasted + insulin treated mice (n = 4 per group). (G) Counts of c-FOS-ir neurons in hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei in fasted and fasted + insulin injected mice (n = 3 per group). (H) Representative photographs illustrating c-FOS expression in PVN and ARC after insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Scale bars, 50 µm; 3 V, third ventricle. Fed: fed, saline-injected group; Fasted: O/N fasted, saline-injected group; Fasted + insulin: O/N fasted, insulin-injected group. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 vs. fed; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001, ####p < 0.0001 vs. fasted.