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. 2019 Apr 17;9:6224. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42728-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hypoglycemia recruits microglia in the hypothalamus. (A) Representative photomicrographs, showing ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) immunoreactive (-ir) microglia in ARC of fed, fasted and fasted + insulin-injected mice. Scale bars, 20 µm. 3 V: third ventricle, ME: median eminence. (B) Mean ± SEM percentages of the area covered by IBA1-immunoreactivity per unit area in ARC (n = 3 per group). ROIs are shown on images. (C) Mean ± SEM values of relative mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines (Il-1a Il-1b, Il-6, Tnfa) chemokines (Ccl2, Ccl5) and IκB, Il-1ra in hypothalamus (n = 4 per groups). Fed: fed, saline-injected group; Fasted: O/N fasted, saline-injected group; Fasted + insulin: O/N fasted, insulin-injected group. All data on the figure expressed as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 vs. fed; ^#p < 0.05 vs. fasted as determined by Bonferroni post hoc test.