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. 2019 Apr 17;9:6224. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42728-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Manipulation of microglia affects glycemia and counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia. (A) Photomicrographs showing IBA1-ir microglia in arcuate nucleus of vehicle- or minocycline treated, fasted mice 1 h following insulin administration. Scale bar: 20 µm; 3V-third ventricle. (B) Area covered by IBA1-ir profiles expressed as percentage of the unit arcuate area (n = 5-5). (C) Number of IBA1-ir ARC cells in fasted + insulin injected mice, pretreated i.c.v. vehicle or minocycline (n = 5-5). (D) Blood glucose levels of fasted + insulin-treated mice, which were pretreated either with minocycline or vehicle i.c.v. Note that inhibition of microglia activity attenuated the drop of blood glucose following insulin injection (n = 5-5). (E) Plasma adrenaline levels in minocycline or vehicle-pretreated, fasted animals following insulin treatment (n = 3-3). (F) Relative hypothalamic Npy mRNA expression in minocycline or vehicle-pretreated animals following O/N fasting and insulin administration, measured by qRT-PCR (n = 3-3). All data expressed as mean ± SEM. In all graphs, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (two-sided t-test).