Figure 1.

A summary of how adolescent isolation rearing alters behavioral outcomes in male and female rodents. (A) A schematic of developmental markers from birth to adulthood in male (solid lines) and female (dashed lines) rodents. Social interactions/behaviors are indicated at each development milestone and correspond to changes in gonadal hormones and changes within the dopamine (DA) system. (B) Effects of isolation rearing on anxiety-related behaviors. In males, stress early in adolescence has opposite effects on anxiety-related behaviors than late adolescent isolation. (C) Effects of isolation rearing on addiction-related behaviors. While little information is available regarding how adolescent isolation rearing affects females, it increases addiction-related behaviors in males.