Table 1.
Behavioral effects of isolation rearing/adolescent social isolation on anxiety-related behaviors.
| Behavioral test | Period of isolation | Resocialized? | Age of testing | Species | Sex | Behavioral effect in isolated (compared to GH controls) | Consequence of SI | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elevated Plus Maze | P21–P42 | No | P42 | Rats (NA) | M | ↓ exploration | Anxiogenic | Parker (1986) |
| P21–~P80 | ~P80 | Rat (LH) | ↓ time in open arm | Wright et al. (1991) | ||||
| P21–P85 | ~P85 | Rat (LE) | Pritchard et al. (2013) | |||||
| P21–P112 | ~P112 | Rat (SD) | Weiss et al. (2004) | |||||
| P28–P72 | ~P77 | Rat (LE) | McCool and Chappell (2009), Chappell et al. (2013), Yorgason et al. (2013), Karkhanis et al. (2014) and Skelly et al. (2015) | |||||
| P21–P77 | ~P77 | Rat (SD) | NE | NE | Zhao et al. (2009) | |||
| P45–~P130 | ~P130 | Rat (W) | ↑ time in open arms | Anxiolytic | Thorsell et al. (2006) | |||
| P21–P51 | Yes | ~P80 | Rat (LH) | M | ↓ time in open arm | Anxiogenic | Wright et al. (1991) | |
| P30–P50* | P80 | Rat (SD) | ↑ time in open arm; after restraint stress | Anxiolytic | Weintraub et al. (2010) | |||
| P21–P112 | No | ~P112 | Rat (SD) | F | NE | NE | Weiss et al. (2004) | |
| P28–P50 | P51–P53 | Rat (SD) | Jahng et al. (2012) | |||||
| P31–~P70 | ~P70 | Rat (LE) | Butler et al. (2014) | |||||
| P30–P50* | Yes | P80 | Rat (SD) | F | NE | NE | Weintraub et al. (2010) | |
| Open Field (locomotor) | P19–P105 | No | P105 | Rat (W) | M | ↑ locomotor activity | Hyperactive | Gentsch et al. (1981) |
| P21–P77 | ~P77 | Rat (SD) | Zhao et al. (2009) | |||||
| P21–P105 | P105 | Rat (W) | Heidbreder et al. (2000) | |||||
| P22–~P58 | ~P58 | Rat (LH) | Dalrymple-Alford and Benton (1981) | |||||
| P28–~P200 | ~P200 | Rat (W) | Archer (1969) | |||||
| P28–P72 | ~P77 | Rat (LE) | Skelly et al. (2015) | |||||
| P28–P72 | ~P77 | Rat (LE) | ↑ distance traveled | Skelly et al. (2015) | ||||
| P21–P90 | ~P90 | Rat (LE) | NE Locomotor | NE | Gardner et al. (1975) | |||
| P45–~P130 | ~P130 | Rat (W) | Thorsell et al. (2006) | |||||
| P21–P112 | ~P112 | Rat (SD) | NE distance traveld | NE | Weiss et al. (2004) | |||
| P21–P100 | ~P100 | Rat (SD) | ↓ locomotor activity | Hypoactive | Holson et al. (1991) | |||
| P21–P120 | P120 | Rat (LE) | Holson et al. (1988) | |||||
| P21–P42 | Yes | P56 | Rat (SD) | M | ↓ locomotor activity | Hypoactive | Lukkes et al. (2009c) | |
| P21–P51 | ~P80 | Rat (LH) | ↑ locomotor activity | Hyperactive | Wright et al. (1991) | |||
| P22–~P58 | No | ~P58 | Rat (LH) | F | ↑ locomotor activity | Hyperactive | Dalrymple-Alford and Benton (1981) | |
| P28–P50 | P51–P53 | Rat (SD) | Jahng et al. (2012) | |||||
| P28–P50 | P51–P53 | Rat (SD) | ↑ distance traveled | Jahng et al. (2012) | ||||
| P28–P42 | P42 | Rat (W) | NE | NE | Archer (1969) | |||
| P31–~P70 | ~P70 | Rat (LE) | NE | Butler et al. (2014) | ||||
| P21–P112 | ~P112 | Rat (SD) | NE distance traveld | NE | Weiss et al. (2004) | |||
| P21–P100 | ~P100 | Rat (SD) | ↓ locomotor activity | Hypoactive | Holson et al. (1991) | |||
| P28–~P200 | ~P200 | Rat (W) | Archer (1969) | |||||
| Open Field (Center Point) | P21–P120 | No | P120 | Rat (LE) | M | NE latency to enter center | NE | Holson et al. (1988) |
| P22–~P58 | ~P58 | Rat (LH) | Dalrymple-Alford and Benton (1981) | |||||
| P21–P42 | Yes | P56 | Rat (SD) | M | ↓ entries into center; brightly lit | Axiogenic | Lukkes et al. (2009c) | |
| P45–~P130 | No | ~P130 | Rat (W) | M | ↑ time in center | Anyolytic | Thorsell et al. (2006) | |
| P16–P45 | P45 | Rat (LH) | M and F combined | ↑ latency enter center | Anxiogenic | Einon and Morgan (1977) | ||
| P25–P90 | P90 | |||||||
| P16–P25 | Yes | P45 | Rat (LH) | M and F combined | NE latency enter center | NE | Einon and Morgan (1977) | |
| P25–P45 | P90 | |||||||
| P22–~P58 | No | ~P58 | Rat (LH) | F | NE latency to center | NE | Dalrymple-Alford and Benton (1981) | |
| Novel Object Exploration | P16–P45 | No | P45 | Rat (LH) | M and F combined | NE novel object investigation | NE | Einon and Morgan (1977) |
| P25–P90 | P90 | fail to habitulate to novel object | Anxiogenic | |||||
| P16–P25 | Yes | P45 | Rat (LH) | M and F combined | NE on novel object investigation | NE | Einon and Morgan (1977) | |
| P25–P45 | P90 | fail to habitulate to novel object | Anxiogenic | |||||
| P31–~P70 | No | ~P70 | Rat (LE) | F | NE | NE | Butler et al. (2014) |
NA, not available; SD, Sprague-Dawley; LE, Long Evans; LH, Lister Hooded; W, Wistar; NE, no effect; M, male; F, female; NSF, novelty suppressed feeding. *In this study animals were exposed to additiona restraint stress after SI; 1X on P50 and from P73–P80.