Table 3.
Children’s lunch intake: Observed descriptives and estimated 1- and 2-year effects.
| n | Full HPSF | Partial HPSF | Control | Full HPSF vs. Control b | Partial HPSF vs. Control b | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % Observed | Imp. (%) a | % Observed | Imp. (%) a | % Observed | Imp. (%) a | OR (95% C.I.) | p | OR (95% C.I.) | p | |||
| Child-reported | ||||||||||||
| Fruit (% yes) | T0 | 856 | 37.2 | 38.2 * | 29.9 | |||||||
| T1 | 1202 | 62.2 | 39.8 | 35.5 | 13.8 | 31.3 | 17.6 | 2.63 (1.72–4.01) | <0.001 | 0.80 (53–1.22) | 0.303 | |
| T2 | 1149 | 52.6 | 30.8 | 42.9 | 18.2 | 35.6 | 24.9 | 1.41 (0.91–2.17) | 0.122 | 0.88 (0.58–1.35) | 0.571 | |
| Vegetables (% yes) | T0 | 857 | 23.8 | 25.4 * | 17.8 | |||||||
| T1 | 1203 | 53.7 | 44.8 | 18.7 | 8.8 | 21.2 | 15.5 | 3.17 (1.97–5.09) | <0.001 | 0.52 (0.32–0.84) | 0.009 | |
| T2 | 1145 | 64.0 | 46.8 | 21.5 | 15.2 | 23.7 | 17.8 | 4.39 (2.68–7.21) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.35–0.95) | 0.030 | |
| Grains (% yes) c | T0 | 861 | 93.6 * | 89.2 * | 80.1 | |||||||
| T1 | 1208 | 90.5 | 5.4 | 89.4 | 9.1 | 86.0 | 15.4 | 0.43 (0.22–0.85) | 0.017 | 0.68 (0.37–1.23) | 0.214 | |
| T2 | 1144 | 90.1 | 5.6 | 88.7 | 10.0 | 85.0 | 15.7 | 0.45 (0.22–0.91) | 0.027 | 0.69 (0.38–1.27) | 0.237 | |
| Dairy (% yes) d | T0 | 852 | 35.1 | 40.3 | 37.0 | |||||||
| T1 | 1201 | 73.3 | 43.6 | 31.5 | 13.1 | 39.1 | 21.7 | 4.43 (2.90–6.76) | <0.001 | 0.59 (0.39–0.89) | 0.013 | |
| T2 | 1146 | 74.3 | 45.2 | 26.9 | 10.0 | 39.9 | 22.8 | 4.52 (2.93–6.97) | <0.001 | 0.45 (0.29–0.68) | <0.001 | |
| Water (% yes) | T0 | 852 | 33.9 * | 39.6 * | 25.9 | |||||||
| T1 | 1197 | 55.7 | 35.8 | 42.9 | 18.5 | 42.2 | 28.4 | 1.18 (0.77–1.81) | 0.448 | 0.52 (0.34–0.79) | 0.002 | |
| T2 | 1143 | 51.7 | 34.8 | 49.6 | 25.7 | 35.2 | 24.2 | 1.35 (0.87–2.09) | 0.185 | 0.95 (0.62–1.45) | 0.810 | |
| Butter (% yes) | T0 | 862 | 55.8 * | 55.2 * | 45.2 | |||||||
| T1 | 1202 | 23.1 | 5.8 | 48.7 | 12.5 | 46.2 | 17.3 | 0.22 (0.15–0.33) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.51–1.06) | 0.109 | |
| T2 | 1144 | 21.1 | 8.1 | 47.9 | 12.9 | 47.9 | 18.2 | 0.19 (0.13–0.30) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.43–0.94) | 0.024 | |
| Minimum of two food groups at lunch (% yes) e | T0 | 869 | 81.1 | 85.4 * | 77.1 | |||||||
| T1 | 1210 | 95.0 | 17.5 | 83.7 | 9.4 | 80.4 | 19.1 | 3.51 (1.88–6.56) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.41–1.17) | 0.171 | |
| T2 | 1151 | 93.9 | 19.0 | 81.1 | 12.4 | 80.0 | 15.6 | 2.98 (1.59–5.61) | <0.001 | 0.62 (0.36–1.05) | 0.078 | |
* Significantly different at baseline compared with the control schools, analyzed by Pearson’s chi-square tests (binary outcomes). a Improved: Percentage of children who improved, i.e., changed in a favourable direction, compared with their baseline score. b Analyzed by generalized estimating equations (binary outcomes), adjusted for baseline, gender, study year at T0, SES, ethnicity, and BMI z-score at T0. c Grains consists of the items: bread and cereals. d Dairy consists of the items: milk/yoghurt and cheese. e The different food types were: fruits, vegetables, dairy products, grains, water, butter; Bold p-value = significant (<0.05) difference; Abbreviations: HPSF = Healthy primary School of the Future; OR = corrected odds ratio obtained from Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) analysis; C.I. = confidence interval; p = p-value.