Table 2.
Summary from clinical studies of impact prebiotic on obesity and associated diseases.
| Author/Year | Study Design | Population Characteristics | Intervention | Control/Placebo Group | Duration | Clinical Findings (vs. Control/Placebo Group) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cani et al. (2006) [103] | Single-blinded, cross-over, placebo-controlled design, pilot study | Healthy non-obese adults aged 21–35 years (n = 10); intervention (n = 5); placebo (n = 5) | Prebiotic-supplemented diet (16 g oligofructose/day) divided into breakfast (8 g) and dinner (8 g) | Placebo (dextrin maltose) (16 g/day) divided into breakfast (8 g) and dinner (8 g) | 2 weeks | >Satiety; <hunger, energy intake after dinner and total energy intake |
| Cani et al. (2009) [104] | Randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trial | Healthy non-obese adults aged 21–38 years (n = 10); intervention (n = 5); placebo (n = 5) | Prebiotic-supplemented diet (16 g chicory-derived fructan/day) divided into breakfast (8 g) and dinner (8 g) | Placebo (dextrin maltose) (16 g/day) divided into breakfast (8 g) and dinner (8 g) | 2 weeks | >GLP-1, PYY <Hunger No effects on satiety |
| Dehghan et al. (2014) [105] | Triple-blind randomized controlled study | Adult women with T2D aged 20–65 years (n = 49); intervention (n = 24); placebo (n = 25) | Prebiotic-supplemented diet (10 g inulin/day) | 10 g maltodextrin/day | 8 weeks | <Fasting glucose, energy intake and pro-inflammatory and oxidative markers |
| Edrisi et al. (2018) [106] | RCT | Overweight and obese adults (n = 105) aged 20–50 years; Intervention I (n = 35); Intervention II (n = 35); control (n = 35) | Energy-restricted diet containing rice bran (Intervention I) or rice husk powder (Intervention II) (according to DRIs) | Low-calorie diet | 12 weeks | <Weight, BMI, WC and pro-inflammatory markers |
| Genta et al. (2009) [107] | Double-blind, placebo-controlled study | Obese women aged 31–49 years (n = 35) | Yacon syrup (approximately 12.5 g FOS/day) + healthy hypocaloric diet | Placebo syrup (tartaric acid 2.5%, carboxymethylcellulose 1.8%, saccharine 2.5% and glycerine 10%) + healthy hypocaloric diet | 17 weeks | <Body weight, BMI, WC, fasting serum insulin, HOMA; >satiety; no changes in total cholesterol and triglycerides |
| Hume et al. (2017) [108] | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Overweight and obese children aged 7–12 years (n = 42); intervention (n = 22); control (n = 20) | 8 g oligofructose-enriched inulin/day | Equicaloric dose of a 3.3 g maltodextrin placebo/day | 16 weeks | >Satiety, prospective food consumption and ghrelin. <Energy intake |
| Nicolucci et al. (2017) [109] | Single center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Overweight or obesity children aged 7–12 years (n = 42); intervention (n = 22); control (n = 20) | 8 g/day (13.2 kcal/day) of oligofructose-enriched inulin | Equicaloric dose of a 3.3 g maltodextrin placebo/day | 16 weeks | <Body weight z-score, percent body fat and trunk fat. >Bifidobacterium <Bacteroides |
| Parnell et al. (2009) [110] | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Overweight and obese adults aged 20–70 years (n = 39); intervention (n = 21); control (n = 18) | Prebiotic-enriched diet (21 g oligofructose/day) | Equicaloric amount of maltodextrin placebo | 12 weeks | < Body weight, fat mass, energy intake, postprandial ghrelin and insulin; no effects on postprandial glucose, PYY and GLP-1 |
| Reimer et al. (2017) [111] | Single-centre, placebo-controlled, double-blind RCT | Adults with overweight/obesity aged 18–75 years (n = 96); control (n = 27); prebiotic (n = 26); protein bar (n = 21); combination (n = 22) | (1) control bar; (2) prebiotic bar (inulin-type fructans with 6 g oligofructose + 2 g inulin from chicory root); (3) protein bar (5 g whey protein); (4) combination bar (8 g inulin-type fructans + 5 g whey protein). | Control isocaloric bar (100 kcal/bar) | 12 weeks | <Body fat in (3) <Hunger, desire to eat and prospective food consumption in (2), (3) and (4) >Bifidobacterium in (2) and (4) |
| Russo et al. (2012) [112] | Cross-over RCT, double-blind | Healthy males adults aged 18–20 years (n = 20); intervention (n = 10); control (n = 10) | Prebiotic-supplemented diet (11% inulin-enriched pasta) | Control pasta diet (100% durum wheat semolina) | 5 weeks | >Neurotensin, somatostatin, GLP-2 |
| Stenman et al. (2016) [113] | Double-blind, randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Healthy adults aged 18–65 years (n = 225); placebo (n = 56); LU (n = 53); B420 (n = 48); mix (n = 52) | Prebiotic treatment: dietary fiber Litesse® Ultra polydextrose (LU) (12 g/day); probiotic treatment: B420 (1010 CFU/day); mix treatment: LU + B420 | Microcrystalline cellulose placebo (12 g/day) | 6 months | Probiotic and Mix treatment: <body fat, WC and food intake; no effects of prebiotic treatment. |
| Verhoel et al. (2011) [114] | Randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over, double-blind clinical trial | Normal weight and overweight adults aged 20–60 years (n = 29) | Prebiotic-supplemented diet containing (1) 10 g FOS/day or (2) 16 g FOS/day | Placebo based on maltodextrin 16 g/day | 13 days | >PYY in treatment (2); no effects on appetite, satiety, GLP-1 and energy intake |
| Whelan et al. (2006) [115] | Prospective, randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial | Healthy adults aged 28–30 years (n = 11) | Prebiotic-supplemented liquid enteral formula (18 g pea fiber + 10 g FOS/day) | Standard enteral formula (Nutren 1.0, Nestlé) | 2 weeks | >Fullness and satiety |
RCT: randomized clinical trials; BMI: body mass index; DRIs: dietary reference intakes; FOS: fructo-oligosaccharide; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP-2: glucagon-like peptide-2; HOMA: homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; PYY: peptide YY; T2D: type 2 diabetes; WC: waist circumference.