The response of dendritic cell (DC) subsets to delivered NANPs. NANPs were delivered to cells from major DC subsets purified by negative selection, and resulting supernatants were assayed for IFN production. The purified DC subsets tested were (A) plasmacytoid DCs, (B) monocytes, and (C) myeloid DCs. Additionally, isolated monocytes were differentiated into (D) monocyte-derived DCs, which were also tested for IFN induction. Some data from individual donors presented in this figure were adapted from our earlier study (1) with permission. ODN = ODN2216, an oligonucleotide, known to induce interferon response and used in our study as a positive control.