Table 1.
Nasal and hand ESBL-PE carriage of workers in relation to personal, medical/clinical and slaughterhouse-related characteristics. Of 84 workers enrolled, one withdrew prior to the sample collection and six refused the nasal sampling, yielding a total of 83 hand and 77 nasal samples. A few workers could not recall precise information whilst other refused to answer some questions leading to missing information that was not considered in the analysis.
| Variables | Nasal Sample | Hand Sample | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency n (%) | Prevalence ESBL-PE (%) | Overall p-Value | Frequency n (%) | Prevalence ESBL-PE (%) | Overall p-Value | |
| Personal characteristics | ||||||
| Country | ||||||
| Cameroon | 53 (69) | 67.92 | 0.000 | 53 (64) | 79 | 0.000 |
| South Africa | 24 (31) | 0 | 30 (36) | 0 | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 9 (12) | 44.44 | 0.883 | 12 (12) | 41.67 | 0.503 |
| Male | 68 (88) | 47.06 | 71 (88) | 52.11 | ||
| Age | ||||||
| 21–30 | 31 (40) | 41.94 | 0.084 | 32 (39) | 46.88 | 0.063 |
| 31–40 | 26 (34) | 50 | 28 (34) | 42.86 | ||
| 41–50 | 13 (17) | 38.46 | 14 (17) | 71.43 | ||
| 51–60 | 5 (6) | 100 | 6 (7) | 83.33 | ||
| Above 60 | 2 (3) | 0 | 3 (3) | 0 | ||
| Educational level | ||||||
| Illiterate | 4 (5) | 50 | 0.048 | 5 (6) | 40 | 0.032 |
| Primary school not achieved | 6 (8) | 50 | 7 (8) | 42.86 | ||
| Primary school | 34 (44) | 64.71 | 35 (42) | 71.43 | ||
| Secondary school | 27 (35) | 25.93 | 27 (33) | 37.04 | ||
| High school/university | 6 (8) | 33.33 | 8 (10) | 25 | ||
| Average monthly income (US $) | ||||||
| Below 55 | 8 (10) | 62.50 | 0.007 | 8 (14) | 62.5 | 0.004 |
| 55–110 | 14 (19) | 78.57 | 14 (29) | 85.71 | ||
| 110–165 | 12 (16) | 66.67 | 12 (17) | 58.33 | ||
| 165–220 | 10 (13) | 40 | 10 (17) | 70 | ||
| 220–275 | 20 (27) | 20 | 24 (10) | 25 | ||
| Above 275 | 11 (15) | 27.27 | 13 (12) | 30.77 | ||
| Relative working at hospital or with animals | ||||||
| Yes | 42 (55) | 64.29 | 0.001 | 44 (53) | 68.18 | 0.001 |
| No | 35 (45) | 25.71 | 39 (47) | 30.77 | ||
| Clinical factors | ||||||
| Recent hospitalization (within one year of sampling) | ||||||
| Yes | 21 (27) | 39.29 | 0.032 | 21 (25) | 71.43 | 0.027 |
| No | 56 (73) | 66.67 | 62 (75) | 43.55 | ||
| Nasal problem | ||||||
| Yes | 11 (14) | 36.36 | 0.456 | 11 (13) | 45.45 | 0.714 |
| No | 66 (86) | 48.48 | 72 (87) | 51.39 | ||
| Skin problem | ||||||
| Yes | 14 (18) | 28.57 | 0.132 | 14 (17) | 35.71 | 0.222 |
| No | 63 (82) | 50.76 | 69 (83) | 53.62 | ||
| Recent antibiotic use (month prior the sampling) | ||||||
| Yes | 38 (49) | 55.26 | 0.140 | 38 (64) | 71.05 | 0.001 |
| No | 39 (51) | 38.46 | 45 (36) | 33.33 | ||
| Slaughterhouse-related factors | ||||||
| Closeness of abattoir with house | ||||||
| Yes | 32 (42) | 40.63 | 0.363 | 14 (33) | 17 | 0.184 |
| No | 45 (58) | 51.11 | 28 (67) | 34 | ||
| Abattoir | ||||||
| SH001 | 21 (27) | 76.19 | 0.000 | 21 (25) | 85.71 | 0.000 |
| SH002 | 19 (25) | 36.84 | 19 (23) | 63.16 | ||
| SH003 | 13 (17) | 100 | 13 (16) | 92.31 | ||
| SH004 | 4 (5) | 0 | 10 (12) | 0 | ||
| SH005 | 20 (26) | 0 | 20 (24) | 0 | ||
| Principal activity or working area | ||||||
| Slaughterer | 34 (44) | 58.82 | 0.012 | 34 (41) | 58.82 | 0.000 |
| Transport of pig/pork | 5 (7) | 80 | 5 (6) | 80 | ||
| Wholesaler | 7 (9) | 28.57 | 7 (8) | 85.71 | ||
| Butcher | 5 (7) | 80 | 5 (6) | 80 | ||
| Retailer of viscera * | 7 (9) | 71.43 | 7 (8) | 85.71 | ||
| Retailer of grilled pork # | 1 (1) | 0 | 1 (1) | 100 | ||
| Scalding of pigs | 3 (4) | 0 | 3 (4) | 0 | ||
| Evisceration | 8 (10) | 0 | 14 (17) | 0 | ||
| Transport of viscera/blood | 1 (1) | 0 | 1 (1) | 0 | ||
| Veterinarian | 5 (7) | 20 | 5 (6) | 20 | ||
| Meat inspector | 1 (1) | 0 | 1 (1) | 0 | ||
| Training to practice profession | ||||||
| Yes | 28 (36) | 3.57 | 0.000 | 34 (41) | 2.94 | 0.000 |
| No | 49 (64) | 71.43 | 49 (59) | 83.67 | ||
| Year in profession | ||||||
| [0–4] | 31 (43) | 35.48 | 0.356 | 31 (39) | 38.71 | 0.357 |
| [5–9] | 6 (8) | 66.67 | 8 (10) | 50 | ||
| [10–14] | 22 (30) | 50 | 24 (30) | 58.33 | ||
| Above 15 | 14 (19) | 57.14 | 16 (20) | 62.50 | ||
| Intensity of pig’s contact (rare, low, frequent, very frequent) | ||||||
| Always | 35 (45) | 51.43 | 0.348 | 35 (42) | 57.14 | 0.136 |
| Almost always | 32 (42) | 37.50 | 38 (46) | 39.47 | ||
| Sometimes | 10 (13) | 60 | 10 (12) | 70 | ||
| Contact with other animals during handling or various procedures of processing of animals at the abattoir | ||||||
| Yes | 38 (50) | 60.53 | 0.046 | 39 (48) | 69.23 | 0.004 |
| No | 38 (50) | 34.21 | 42 (52) | 35.71 | ||
| Intensity of contact with other animals | ||||||
| Always | 8 (21) | 87.50 | 0.025 | 8 (20) | 100 | 0.006 |
| Almost always | 9 (24) | 22.22 | 10 (26) | 30 | ||
| Sometimes | 17 (45) | 58.82 | 17 (44) | 70.59 | ||
| Rarely | 4 (10) | 100 | 4 (10) | 100 | ||
* retailer of viscera: street-vendor buying pig’s viscera from abattoir workers, performing manual cleaning in order to sells ready-to-eat meal; # retailer of grilled pork: street-vendor acquiring pork at the slaughterhouse in order to sells ready-to-eat grilled pork.