AR	Astragali radix
BB	Bioavailability barrier
DMEs	Drug-metabolizing enzymes
ETs	Efflux transporters
HPGPC	High-performance gel-permeation chromatography
GC	Chromatography
NF-κB	Nuclear factor-kappa B
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 α
NFATc3	Nuclear factor of activated T cell scytoplasmic 3
CaMKII	Calmodulin II kinase
SERCA2a	Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase
PPARα	Proliferator-activatedαreceptor
α-SMA	α-smooth muscle actin
ECM	Extracellular matrix
Col-1	Colgen I
TRPM	Transient receptor potential channel
TRPC6	Transient receptor potential channel 6
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
CT-1	Cardiotrophin-1
HO-1	Heme oxygenase-1
NQO1	NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) 1
Nrf2	Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
tBHP	Tert-butyl hydroperoxide
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
CHD	Coronary heart disease
NOD	Non-obese diabetic
gal-1	Galectin-1
Glut4	Glucose transporter 4
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
PKB	Protein kinase B
PTP1B	Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
ATF6	Transcription activator 6
MOMP	Mitochondrial extracorporeal membrane permeability
PPAR	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
MCP-1	Monocyte chemotactic protein-1
ICAM-1	Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
EMT	Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
STZ	Streptozotocin
IGF1	Insulin-like growth factor 1
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol3-kinase
Akt	Protein kinase B
GRP78	Glucose-regulated protein 78
FasL	Fas ligand
HDAC5	Histone deacetylase 5
CAV-1	Caveolin-1
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor-β
ECM	Extracellular matrix
LDHA	Lactate dehydrogenase A
TIGAR	TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
ERK	Extracellular signalregulated kinase
TNF	Tumor necrosis factor
IFN	Interferon
KMT2D	Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Dlysine (K) -specific methyltransferase 2D
CREBBP	CREB binding protein
Foxo3a	Forkhead box O transcription factor 3a
BIP	Binding immunoglobulin protein
CHOP	Chomologous protein
EGFL7	Epidermal growth factor-like domain 7
HK-II	Hexokinase-II
mPTP	Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
PD	Parkinson’s disease
TH	Tyrosine hydroxylase
MPTP	1-methyl-4-phenyl-1
6-OHDA	6-hydroxydopamine
IRS1	Insulin receptor substrate 1
APS	Astragalus Polysaccharides
AS-IV	Astragaloside IV
ISO	Isoproterenol
CG	Calycosin-7-β-glucoside
C-3′-G	Calycosin-3′-glucuronide
CG-3′-G	CG-3′-glucuronide
F-7-G	Formononetin-7-glucuronide
D-7-G	Daidzein-7-glucuronide
CYPs	Cytochromes P450
SULT	sulfotransferase
GST	GlutathioneS-transferase
UGT	Uridine 5′-diphospho (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase
NATs	N-acetyltransferases
P-gp	P-glycoprotein
MRP2	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2
BCRP	Breast cancer resistance protein
MRPs	Multidrug resistance-related proteins
OATs	Organic anion transporters
SGLT-1	Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1
BSβG	Broad-specific β-glucuronides
LPH	Lactase phlorizin hydrolase
Bra B	Brachyoside B
Cyc B	Cyclogaleginoside B
CA	Cycloastragenol
iso-CA	Iso-cycloastragenol
CA-2H	Dehydrogenated metabolite of CA
AUC	Area under the curve
T1/2	Elimination half-life
CL	Clearance
Vd	Apparent volume of distribution
MRT	Mean residence time