Table 2.
Summary of potential targets for RA.
| Drug or Compound | Target | Potential Mechanism | Immune-Modulation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Developing inhibitor of miR-155 | miR-155 | regulatory functions on the expression of genes by modulating the cell transcriptome directly | Inhibit TLR/cytokine receptor pathways and suppress the production of TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, and chemokines CCR7 |
| Developing inhibitor of visfatin | Visfatin | Upregulation of miR-199a-5p expression through modulation of the ERK, p38, and JNK pathways | Decrease the production of IL-6 and TNF-α |
| Developing inhibitor of PI3Kγ | PI3Kγ | modulation of chemokine-induced migration | Control enrollment of inflammatory cells (i.e., neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages) |
| andclozapine tJNJ77777120 (JNJ) |
Histamine 4 receptor (H4R) | Block H4R in synovial tissue to prevent the destruction cartilage and bone | Immune-modulatory effect and repression of chemotaxic potentials by influencing the secretion of MMP-3 |
| the pan HDAC inhibitors: ITF 2357 and SAHA HDAC6 inhibitors: Tubastatin A, Tubacin, and CKD-L |
histone deacetylase (HDAC) | repress the production of IL-6 in RA FLS and macrophages by promoting mRNA decay | CKD-L increased CTLA-4 expression in Foxp3+ T cells and inhibited the T cells proliferation in the suppression assay. CKD-L significantly increased IL-10, and inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β |
| a monoclonal antibody against cadherin-11 | cadherin-11 | Block the reaction of engagement with a recombinant soluble form of the cadherin-11 extracellular binding domain linked to immunoglobulin Fc tail induced MAPK and NF-κB activation in SFL | Suppression the production of IL-6, chemokines, and MMP expression in SFL |
| GnRH-antagonism—cetrorelix | LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) | rapid anti-inflammatory effects | decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and CRP |
| knock-down model of SOX5 | Block the MMP-9 | Inhibit high expression of transcription factor SOX5 in RA-FLS | repressed IL-17 through interacting with the macrophages |
| anti-CX3CL1 monoclonal antibody | CX3CL1 | Block monocyte chemotaxis and angiogenesis | Decreased MMP-2 |
| NI-0101, a TLR4 antagonism | TLR4 | block the HMGB1-dependent upregulation of HIF-1α mRNA expression | amend cytokines release including IL1, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. |
| Hydroxychloroquine (complex formation of the inflammasome) |
TLR overexpression | Inflammasome priming mechanism | Potential decreased TNF-α |
| VX 740 | Caspace-1 | Inhibit CARD8 overexpression | Decrease NLRP-3 and dwonstream cytokines |