Table 1.
Overview of VOCs molecules, their origins, and antimicrobial effects.
| Endophytic Fungi Producing VOCs | VOCs Effects | Microorganisms Inhibited by VOCs | VOCs/CAS Number | Molecular Formula | Hosts | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fusarium oxysporum can-* 46 | Inhibition of mycelium |
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus parasiticus Botrytis cinerea Colletotrichum siamense Fusarium graminearum Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum Magnaporthe oryzae Monilinia fructicola |
Farnesol (4602-84-0) β-caryophyllene (87-44-5) Limonene (138-86-3) Hexanoic acid (142-62-1) Octanoic acid (124-07-2) |
C15H26O C15H24 C10H16 C6H12O2 C8H16O2 |
Gossypium herbaceum | [64] |
| Hypoxylon sp. | Inhibition of mycelium |
Botrytis cinerea
Ceratocystis ulmi Cercospora beticola Colletotrichum lagenarium Fusarium solani Geotrichum candidum Mycosphaerella fijiensis Phytophthor apalmivora Phytophthor acinnamomi Rhizoctonia solani Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Trichoderma viride Verticillium dahliae |
1,8-cineole (470-82-6) 1-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene (4313-57-9) |
C10H18O C7H10 |
Persea indica | [65] |
| Muscodor albus | Complete inhibition of mycelium growth |
Pythium ultimum
Rhizoctonia solani Tapesia yallundae |
Methylacetate (79-20-9) | C3H6O2 | Cinnamomum zeylanicum | [39] |
| Inhibition of mycelium |
Botrytis cinerea
Monilinia fructicola Penicillium expansum |
2-methyl-1-butanol (137-32-6) 2-methylpropionic acid (79-31-2) |
C5H12O C4H8O |
[66] | ||
| Inhibition of mycelium |
Aspergillus ochraceus
Fusarium solani Rhizoctonia solani Sclerotinia sclerotiorum |
2-methylpropionic acid (79-31-2) | C4H8O2 | [67] | ||
| Inhibits the germination of teliospores |
Tilletia horrida
Tilletia indica Tilletia tritici |
Unknown | [68] | |||
| Inhibition of mycelium growth |
Helminthosporium solani
Fusarium sambucinum |
2-methylpropionic acid (79-31-2) 3-methyl-1-butanol (123-51-3) Ethyl alcohol (64-17-5) |
C4H8O2 C5H12O C2H6O |
[69] | ||
| Complete inhibition of mycelium growth |
Aspergillus sp
Colletotrichum sp Geotrichum sp. |
N-methyl-N-nitrosoisobutyramide (1255641-06-5) | C5H10N2O2 | [46] | ||
| Muscodor musae | Inhibition of mycelium |
Alternaria porri
Alternaria solani Aspergillus flavus Botrytis cinerea Colletotrichum capsic Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Colletotrichum musae Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium solani Nigrospora oryzae Penicillium digitatum Penicillium expansum Rhizoctonia solani Sclerotium rolfsii Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans Escherichia coli Enterococcus faecalis Proteus mirabilis Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae |
Isobutyric acid (79-31-2) 3-methyl-1-butanol (123-51-3) Ethyl-2-methylbutyrate (7452-79-1) |
C4H8O2 | Musa acuminata | [35] |
| Muscodor equiseti | C5H12O C7H14O2 |
Equisetum debile | ||||
| Muscodor oryzae | Oryza rufipogon | |||||
| Muscodor cinnamomi | C. bejolghota | |||||
| Muscodor suthepensis | C. bejolghota | |||||
| Muscodor Darjeelingensis | Inhibition of mycelium |
Alternaria alternata
Arthrinium phaeospermum Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus niger Bionectria ochroleuca Botrytis cinerea MTCC 359 Cercospora beticola Colletotrichum gloeosporioides MTCC 9623 Fusarium solani Fusarium oxysporum Lasiodiplodia theobromae Muscodor albu scz620 Penicillium chrysogenum Rhizoctonia solani Talaromyces marneffei Candida glabrata Candida viswanathii Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 3541 Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 647r Staphylococcus epidermidis MTCC 2639 |
Isobutyric acid (79-31-2) 3-methyl-1-butanol (123-51-3) Ethyl-2-methyl-butyrate (7452-79-1) |
C4H8O2 C5H12O C7H14O2 |
C. camphora | [70] |
| Muscodor kashyum | Inhibition of mycelium growth |
Alternaria alternata MTCC5432
Agaricus bisporus Aspergillus japonicus Bionectria ochroleuca Candida albicans Cercospora beticola Chaetomium heterosporum Colletrotrichum gloeosporioides Curvularia lunata Fusarium equiseti Fusarium oxysporum Lasiodiplodia theobromae Muscodor albus CZ620 Mycosphaerella fijiensis Penicillium citreonigrum Penicillium marneffei Trichoderma viride Pleurotus flabellatus |
cyclohex-3-en-1-ol (822-66-2) β-Bisabolol (15352-77-9) |
C6H10O C15H26O |
Aegle marmelos | [36] |
| Nodulisporium sp. | Inhibition of mycelium |
Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus flavus Botrytis cinerea Colletotrichum lagenarium Ceratocystis ulmi Cercospora beticola Fusarium solani Geotrichumcandidum Phytophthor apalmivora Phytophthora cinnamoni Pythium ultimum Rhizoctonia solani Sclerotinias clerotiorum Trichoderma viridae Verticillium dahlia |
1-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene (4313-57-9) 2-methyl-1-pentanol (105-30-6) 1-Heptanol (111-70-6) 1-Octanol (111-87-5) |
C7H10 C6H14O C7H16O C8H18O |
[54] | |
| Nodulisporium sp. CMU-UPE34 | Inhibition of mycelium growth |
Alternaria porri
Alternaria solani Colletotrichum capsici Colletotrichum musae Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Fusarium oxysporum Penicillium digitatum Penicillium expansum Nigrospora oryzae Rhizoctonia solani Sclerotium rolfsii |
1,2,4-trimethylenecyclo-hexane (2234-75-5) 3-methyl-1-butanol (123-51-3) Limonene (138-86-3) Eucalyptol (synonym: 1,8-cineole) (470-82-6) β-myrcene (123-35-3) Terpinen-4-ol (562-74-3) |
C9H18 C5H12O C10H16 C10H18O C10H16 C10H18O |
[48] | |
| Oxyporus latem arginatus EF069 | Inhibition of mycelium growth |
Alternaria alternata
Botrytis cinerea Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici |
2-Furanmethanol (90200-14-9) | C8H12O4 | Capsicum annum | [23] |
| Phomopsis sp. | Inhibition of mycelium growth |
Aspergillus fumigatus
Ceratocystis ulmi Colletotrichum lagenarium Geotrichum candidum Phytophthora palmivora Pythium ultimum Rhizoctonia solani Sclerotinia sclerotiorum |
Sabinene (3387-41-5) 3-methy-1-butanol (123-51-3) 1-Propanol (71-23-8) 2-Propanone (67-64-1) |
C10H16 C5H12O C3H8O C3H6O |
Odontoglossum sp. | [56] |
| Trichoderma harzianum T-E5 | Inhibition of mycelium growth | Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum (FOC) | Diterpene (146985-82-2) | C20H30O4 | Cucumis sativus * | [26,71] |
| Trichoderma saturnisporum | Inhibition of mycelium growth | Colletotrichum capsici | Ethylene (74-85-1) Hydrogen cyanide (74-90-8) |
C2H4 CHN |
Capsicum frutescence) * | [25] |
| Trichoderma reesei | Capsicum frutescence * | |||||
| Trichoderma harzianum | Capsicum frutescence * | |||||
| Trichoderma viride | Inhibition of mycelium growth |
Botrytis cinerea
Fusarium oxysporum |
6-pentyl-2H-Pyran-2-one (27593-23-3) | C10H14O2 | Capsicum frutescence * | [72] |
| Trichoderma harzianum | Induces the expression of tomato defense genes related to salicylic acid (SA) | Botrytis cinerea | Diterpene (146985-82-2) | C20H30O4 | Solanum lycopersicum * | [73] |
* Fusarium oxysporum and Trichoderma sp. were found in various plant. Examples of theses hosts are presented in the table.