Table 4.
Parent-of-Origin Differences | Gender Differences | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical Feature | Full Cohort (N = 71) |
No Siblings (N = 55) |
No Siblings and/or VOUS (N = 44) |
Full Cohort (N = 71) |
No Siblings (N = 55) |
No Siblings and/or VOUS (N = 44) |
|||||||
% Mat | % Pat | % Mat | % Pat | % Mat | % Pat | % F | % M | % F | % M | % F | % M | ||
Grouped Clinical Features | Any Behavior | 62 | 41 | 59 | 42 | 50 | 45 | 31 | 64 ** | 36 | 61 | 32 | 60 |
Any Delays | 65 | 68 | 62 | 77 | 54 | 75 | 48 | 79 ** | 55 | 79 | 47 | 76 * | |
Any Non-physical | 97 | 92 | 97 | 92 | 96 | 95 | 90 | 98 | 91 | 97 | 89 | 100 | |
Any Physical | 56 | 65 | 59 | 73 | 54 | 65 | 55 | 64 | 59 | 70 | 53 | 64 | |
Specific Clinical Features | ASD | 29 | 8 * | 24 | 8 | 21 | 5 | 17 | 19 | 18 | 15 | 11 | 16 |
CHD | 0 | 22 *** | 0 | 19 ** | 0 | 10 | 17 | 7 | 14 | 6 | 11 | 0 | |
DD | 41 | 32 | 41 | 38 | 38 | 40 | 24 | 45 | 32 | 45 | 26 | 48 | |
Difficult Behaviors | 47 | 27 | 45 | 27 | 38 | 25 | 24 | 45 | 27 | 42 | 21 | 40 | |
Epilepsy | 29 | 19 | 34 | 12 * | 42 | 10 ** | 38 | 14 * | 32 | 18 | 32 | 24 | |
Facial Dysmorphisms | 47 | 38 | 48 | 46 | 42 | 45 | 38 | 45 | 45 | 48 | 42 | 44 | |
ID | 44 | 27 | 45 | 31 | 46 | 35 | 28 | 40 | 32 | 42 | 32 | 48 | |
LD | 38 | 22 | 38 | 19 | 38 | 20 | 17 | 38 | 23 | 33 | 16 | 40 | |
Macrocephaly | 15 | 0 * | 17 | 0* | 13 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 8 | |
Microcephaly | 15 | 24 | 10 | 27 | 13 | 25 | 17 | 21 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 20 | |
Motor Delay | 53 | 46 | 48 | 54 | 50 | 55 | 28 | 64 *** | 32 | 64 * | 32 | 68 * | |
Muscular Diagnosis | 24 | 38 | 24 | 50 * | 17 | 55 ** | 28 | 33 | 36 | 36 | 32 | 36 | |
Psychiatric Diagnosis | 32 | 27 | 31 | 23 | 29 | 30 | 17 | 38 | 23 | 30 | 26 | 32 | |
Short Stature | 9 | 19 | 10 | 19 | 13 | 20 | 10 | 17 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 16 | |
Speech Delay | 56 | 43 | 52 | 54 | 46 | 50 | 38 | 57 | 41 | 61 | 32 | 60 |
Mat: maternal; Pat: paternal; F: female; M; male; Any Behavior: Any behavioral symptoms; Any Delays: speech, motor, or general developmental delays; Any Non-physical: Any non-physical feature noted; Any Physical: Any physical feature noted; ASD: autism spectrum disorder; CHD: congenital heart disease; DD: Developmental delays; ID: Intellectual disability; LD: Learning disorder/difficulties; Muscular Diagnosis: muscle-related phenotypes; Psychiatric Diagnosis: Psychiatric condition diagnosis. VOUS: variant of unknown significance by genetic testing (e.g., microarray analysis). chi-squared test; p-values (significance p < 0.05); * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.005.