Table 2.
Characteristics of the population.
| Characteristics | SF | EF | BF | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | N | Mean ± SD | ||
| Maternal characteristics | |||||||
| Age (years) | 61 | 30.31 ab ± 6.53 | 70 | 29.97 ± 6.22 a | 45 | 33.24 ± 5.39 b | 0.014 |
| Gestational age (months) | 61 | 39.52 ± 1.29 | 70 | 39.26 ± 1.44 | 45 | 39.4 ± 1.3 | 0.55 |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 56 | 65.43 ± 12.92 | 63 | 64.26 ± 12.52 | 43 | 65.66 ± 10.4 | 0.81 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) (%) | 0.76 | ||||||
| Underweight | 3 | 5.45 | 8 | 12.7 | 5 | 11.63 | |
| Normal weight | 29 | 52.73 | 29 | 46.03 | 23 | 53.49 | |
| Overweight | 14 | 25.45 | 15 | 23.81 | 11 | 25.58 | |
| Obesity | 9 | 16.36 | 11 | 17.46 | 4 | 9.3 | |
| Education (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Primary | 14 | 22.58 | 15 | 21.43 | 1 | 2.22 | |
| Secondary | 18 | 29.03 | 25 | 35.71 | 4 | 8.89 | |
| Professional | 12 | 19.35 | 16 | 22.86 | 13 | 28.89 | |
| Bachelor degree | 18 | 29.03 | 14 | 20 | 27 | 60 | |
| Smoking during pregnancy (Yes, %) | 10 | 20.83 | 10 | 15.87 | 2 | 5.13 | 0.11 |
| Edinburgh Scale (%) | 0.42 | ||||||
| No depression | 49 | 79.03 | 53 | 76.81 | 39 | 86.67 | |
| Probable depression | 13 | 20.97 | 16 | 23.19 | 6 | 13.33 | |
| Infant characteristics | |||||||
| Sex, male (%) | 37 | 59.68 ab | 44 | 62.86 a | 18 | 40.00 b | 0.042 |
| Birth weight (kg) | 61 | 3.34 ± 0.41 | 70 | 3.32 ± 0.5 | 45 | 3.35 ± 0.42 | 0.91 |
| Birth length (cm) | 61 | 50.67 ± 2.01 | 68 | 50.72 ± 2.1 | 45 | 50.62 ± 2.39 | 0.97 |
| WAZ | 61 | 0.04 ± 0.86 | 68 | 0.02 ± 0.97 | 44 | 0.13 ± 0.86 | 0.81 |
| LAZ | 61 | 0.58 ± 1.03 | 68 | 0.59 ± 1.08 | 44 | 0.71 ± 0.98 | 0.79 |
| BMIZ | 61 | −0.39 ± 0.93 | 68 | −0.39 ± 1.04 | 44 | −0.37 ± 0.95 | 0.99 |
The presented values are means and proportions. Different superscript letters indicate differences among study groups according to ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test. A chi-square test was applied to qualitative variables. Significance level was established at p < 0.05. SF, Standard Formula; EF, Experimental Formula; BF, Breastfeeding; WAZ, weight for age z-score; LAZ, length for age z-score; HAZ, height for age z-score.