Table 1.

Common absorption permeation enhancers- application for nasal and pulmonary administration.

Class	Enhancers	Examples	References
Surfactants	Bile salts	Sodium taurocholate	[14,15]
		Sodium deoxycholate sodium	[16]
		Glycodeoxycholat	[17,18]
Surfactants	Fatty acids and derivatives	Palmitic acid	[19]
		Palmitoleic acid
		Stearic acid
		Oleyl alcohol
		Oleic acid
		Capric acid	[20,21]
		DHA, EPA	[20]
Surfactants	Phospholipids	Dipalmitoyl phophatidyl choline, soybean lecithin, phosphatidylcholine	[22,23]
Cationic polymers	Polymers	Chitosan and their derivatives	[24,25,26]
Enzyme inhibitors		Human neutrophil elastase inhibitor (ER143)
Cyclodextrins		Beta-Cyclodextrin	[27]
Tight junction modulators	Claudine modulator	Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin	[28]
	ZO modulator	Zonula occludens toxin (ZOT)	[29]