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Autophagy pathways are differentially regulated in the calcified tissue of human valves. Gene expression analyses of key autophagy genes in the healthy, thickened, and calcified tissue of human valves from calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS; n = 55) and aortic regurgitation (AR; n = 9) patients. Data presented as box-and-whisker plots with 5–95 percentiles. * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001, **** = p < 0.0001.
