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. 2019 Mar 21;20(6):1424. doi: 10.3390/ijms20061424

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Ratiometric imaging of pH probes reveals their localization in three types of microenvironment. (a) Localization of UCNPs detected using 980 nm excitation, (b) sensitized upconversion resonance energy transfer emission from pHrodo Red, (c) bright-field, (d) an overlaid ratiometric image of pH nanoprobes with different ratios depending on the localization. Scale bar 10 μm. The enlarged insets (e) show different ratios in extracellular (ctrl), small endosome, large endosome, and lysosome. Brightness of insets is increased by 10 gray level units from the overlaid image (d) for better visibility [98]. Reprinted from [98] with permission from American Chemical Society. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society.