Table 2.
Adjusted odds ratios of beef, fresh beef, lean beef, and fresh lean beef consumption, 2005–2016 NHANES.
| Individual Characteristics | Beef | Fresh Beef | Lean Beef | Fresh Lean Beef |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 0.74 (0.69, 0.80) *** | 0.83 (0.73, 0.95) ** | 0.75 (0.69, 0.81) *** | 0.89 (0.74, 1.06) |
| Age group | ||||
| 18–64 years of age | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 65 years of age and above | 0.87 (0.76, 0.99) * | 1.25 (1.07, 1.47) ** | 0.96 (0.85, 1.09) | 1.46 (1.15, 1.85) ** |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| African American, non-Hispanic | 0.84 (0.75, 0.95) ** | 0.95 (0.81, 1.12) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) ** | 0.94 (0.73, 1.20) |
| Other race/multi-race | 0.94 (0.80, 1.11) | 0.86 (0.67, 1.10) | 1.14 (0.96, 1.35) | 1.03 (0.76, 1.41) |
| Hispanic | 1.21 (1.05, 1.39) ** | 0.80 (0.66, 0.96) * | 1.24 (1.10, 1.41) ** | 0.98 (0.75, 1.26) |
| Education | ||||
| High school and below | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| College education and above | 0.82 (0.75, 0.89) *** | 0.83 (0.72, 0.95) ** | 0.87 (0.79, 0.95) ** | 0.81 (0.67, 0.99) * |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Divorced, separated, or widowed | 0.81 (0.73, 0.90) *** | 0.92 (0.77, 1.11) | 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) ** | 0.95 (0.74, 1.22) |
| Never married | 0.80 (0.71, 0.91) ** | 0.85 (0.71, 1.03) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.90) *** | 0.75 (0.61, 0.92) ** |
| Income to poverty ratio (IPR) | ||||
| IPR < 130% | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 130% ≤ IPR < 300% | 1.14 (1.01, 1.29) * | 1.15 (0.95, 1.38) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.20) | 1.15 (0.92, 1.44) |
| IPR ≥ 300% | 1.04 (0.91, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.20) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.16) | 0.89 (0.70, 1.12) |
| Obesity | ||||
| Non-obese (BMI < 30) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 1.18 (1.08, 1.28) *** | 1.20 (1.03, 1.38) * | 1.16 (1.07, 1.26) *** | 1.22 (1.03, 1.43) * |
| Smoking | ||||
| Non-smoker | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Former or current smoker | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) * | 1.10 (0.95, 1.26) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.16) | 1.18 (1.00, 1.40) |
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Good or excellent health | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Fair or poor health | 0.90 (0.81, 1.00) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.29) |
| Chronic condition | ||||
| Diabetes | 1.01 (0.88, 1.16) | 0.98 (0.76, 1.27) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) | 0.98 (0.73, 1.30) |
| Arthritis | 1.09 (0.96, 1.23) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.21) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.19) |
| Coronary artery disease | 1.11 (0.88, 1.38) | 1.13 (0.82, 1.55) | 1.06 (0.85, 1.31) | 0.96 (0.64, 1.42) |
| Stroke | 0.94 (0.74, 1.19) | 0.94 (0.69, 1.30) | 0.97 (0.74, 1.27) | 1.01 (0.65, 1.56) |
| Cancer | 1.00 (0.89, 1.13) | 1.07 (0.86, 1.33) | 1.12 (0.99, 1.27) | 1.11 (0.88, 1.41) |
Logistic regressions were performed to estimate the adjusted odds ratios of beef consumption, accounting for the NHANES multi-wave complex sampling design. 95% confidence intervals are in parentheses. * 0.01 ≤ p < 0.05; ** 0.001 ≤ p < 0.01; and *** p < 0.001.