Table 2.
Internet of Things (IoT) main elements and communication technologies.
| Infrastructure | Elements | Nr. | Access Technology |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smart Meters | Electricity Meter | 26 | Ethernet, Wi-Fi, ZigBee |
| Water Meter | 24 | Ethernet, Wi-Fi, ZigBee | |
| Fire Sensor | 11 | Ethernet, Wi-Fi, ZigBee | |
| Well Extraction | 1 | ZigBee | |
| Irrigation | 6 | Ethernet, Wi-Fi, ZigBee | |
| Irrigation Control | Exterior Station | 23 | Wi-Fi, LPWA (proprietary), Cellular (LTE) |
| Sensors (temperature, soil …), actuators | - | Wired connection to the Station Programmer | |
| UMAHetNet | Picocells | 12 | LTE (Rel 9, 5–20 MHz in 2.1 and 2.6 GHz bands), Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz band) |
| EPC | 1 | Ethernet | |
| Smartphones | 12 | LTE (Rel 9), Wi-Fi | |
| Drive test terminals | 2 | LTE (Rel 9), Wi-Fi | |
| MONROE nodes | 2 | LTE (Release 9), Wi-Fi | |
| UMAIoT/RAT | Motes: agriculture, events, gases, air, radiation, and parking | 120 | LTE + Wi-Fi LTE + ZigBee LTE + LoRaWAN LTE + Sigfox Wi-Fi + LoRaWAN |
| Gateways | 10 | Mote access: Wi-Fi, ZigBee Backhaul: Ethernet, cellular(4G/3G/2G) |
|
| LoRa gateway | 1 | LoRaWAN |
Long-Term Evolution (LTE), UMA Heterogeneous Network (UMAHetNet), Radio Access Technology (RAT), evolved packet core (EPC), low-power wide-area wireless (LPWA), Measuring Mobile Broadband Networks in Europe (MONROE).