Table 1.

The dog and rat models of wheat allergy: experimental approaches used to study.

Model/Developers	Wheat Protein Used	Sensitization (Route, Dose, Age, Gender, Adjuvant)	Elicitation of Reaction (Route, Dose and Age)	Immune Markers	Disease Phenotype
Dog model Spaniel/basenji inbred dog colony/Buchanan et al. (1997)	Wheat + cow’s milk + beef extract	SC injection (on days of age: days 1, 22, 29, 50, 57, 78, and 85) 1 ug each of the food allergens + 0.2 mL alum; SC injection distemper-hepatitis vaccine on days 21, 49, and 77; Booster at bimonthly intervals with 10 ug each of the food allergens; Bleedings at 3, 4 months	At 6 months: Feeding challenge with 200 g wheat flour gruel or cow’s milk	Specific IgE, Skin prick test	Vomiting and/or diarrhea (increased number of loose or watery stools for 2–4 days after the feeding challenge)
Rat models Brown Norway inbred rats (bred on gluten-free diet for three generations)/Kroghsbo et al. (2014) Brown Norway inbred rats/Bellegaard et al. (2019)	Gluten (Unmodified, acid hydrolyzed, Enzyme hydrolyzed) Native gluten vs. acid hydrolyzed gluten	IP sensitization: day 0: 200 ug adsorbed on Alhydrogel/rat in PBS; Days 14, 21, and 28: 20 ug in 0.9% NaCl; 0.2 mL volume/bleeding on day 35	None	Specific IgE, IgG Rat Basophilic Leukemia cell degranulation in vitro	None
		Oral sensitization: Female BN rats; Days 1 to 35: gavage with 0.2, 2, and 20 mg suspension in 0.5 mL PBS; Bleeding on days 0, 14, 28, and 42	None	Specific IgE, IgG Rat Basophilic Leukemia cell degranulation in vitro	None
		Skin sensitization: damage to skin then apply gluten without adjuvant 3 times per week for 3–5 weeks	None	Specific IgE, IgG antibodies	None

IP = intra-peritoneal injection; SC = subcutaneous injection.