${\alpha }_t$	parameter of concrete uniaxial tension stress–strain curve in the decline period
$f_{t,r}$	representation of concrete uniaxial tensile strength
${\epsilon }_{t,r}$	peak tensile strain corresponding to $f_{t,r}$
$d_t$	evolution parameter of concrete under uniaxial tension
${\alpha }_c$	parameter of concrete uniaxial compression stress–strain curve in the decline period
$f_{c,r}$	representation of concrete uniaxial compressive strength
$d_c$	evolution parameter of concrete under uniaxial compression
${\epsilon }_{c,r}$	peak compressive strain corresponding to fc,r
C	crack width
d	deflection
L	applied load
Φ	diameter of rebar and stud
t	thickness of web and flange