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. 2019 Mar 22;11(3):688. doi: 10.3390/nu11030688

Table 2.

Comparison of daily intakes of energy and nutrients measured using dietary records compared with those of a short food frequency questionnaire in women.

Nutrients Unit Current Study (C) (n = 65) Tokudome et al. Study [21] (T) (n = 129) Ratio Spearman’s p Value d
7-day DR FFQ 3-day DR FFQ C a T b C r c T r c
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Energy (kcal) 1790 ± 220 1562 ± 343 1924 ± 332 1639 ± 186 0.87 0.85 0.40 0.37 0.422
Protein (g) 69.3 ± 10.8 52.8 ± 13.2 74.5 ± 16.3 55.2 ± 7.8 0.76 0.74 0.29 0.30 0.463
Fat (g) 52.2 ± 11.7 52.9 ± 17.0 59.2 ± 16.5 48.4 ± 9.6 1.01 0.82 0.08 0.22 0.183
Carbohydrate (g) 256 ± 35 216 ± 58 265 ± 50 227 ± 36 0.85 0.86 0.38 0.45 0.285
Protein e (%) 15.5 ± 1.7 13.7 ± 2.3 15.5 ± 2.0 13.5 ± 1.5 0.88 0.87 0.29 0.37 0.285
Fat e (%) 26.2 ± 4.5 31.0 ± 9.0 27.5 ± 5.1 26.7 ± 4.9 1.18 0.97 0.04 0.33 0.024
Carbohydrate e (%) 57.2 ± 4.7 54.8 ± 6.7 55.2 ± 6.1 55.2 ± 5.0 0.96 1.00 0.23 0.45 0.050
SFA (g) 13.2 ± 3.6 12.2 ± 2.9 16.0 ± 5.5 12.4 ± 2.5 0.93 0.78 0.11 0.35 0.053
MUFA (g) 16.5 ± 4.4 19.9 ± 6.8 19.8 ± 6.2 16.9 ± 3.4 1.21 0.85 0.05 0.12 0.319
PUFA (g) 11.9 ± 2.7 16.6 ± 6.4 14.0 ± 4.1 13.5 ± 2.9 1.40 0.97 0.08 0.05 0.420
n-6 PUFA (g) 9.6 ± 2.3 14.7 ± 5.9 11.0 ± 3.4 11.5 ± 2.6 1.53 1.04 0.01 0.20 0.106
n-3 PUFA (g) 2.2 ± 0.7 2.4 ± 0.9 2.8 ± 1.1 2.2 ± 0.5 1.09 0.80 0.19 0.17 0.442
MO n-3 PUFA f (g) 0.8 ± 0.5 0.5 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.7 0.7 ± 0.2 0.61 0.78 0.31 0.29 0.457
Cholesterol (mg) 308 ± 89 246 ± 109 345 ± 132 264 ± 64 0.80 0.76 0.17 0.15 0.439
Iron (mg) 8.2 ± 1.9 7.0 ± 2.2 8.9 ± 2.7 7.7 ± 1.6 0.86 0.86 0.25 0.50 0.029
Calcium (mg) 541 ± 162 556 ± 168 609 ± 231 566 ± 144 1.03 0.93 0.38 0.33 0.350
Carotene (µg) 4157 ± 2679 2316 ± 662 4241 ± 2103 3550 ± 1131 0.56 0.84 0.23 0.31 0.288
Vitamin A g (µg RE) 602 ± 395 942 ± 611 1067 ± 832 1052 ± 422 1.57 0.99 0.16 0.22 0.340
Vitamin D (µg) 9.7 ± 4.7 4.4 ± 1.6 8.0 ± 5.9 7.2 ± 2.6 0.45 0.91 0.24 0.25 0.463
α-tocopherol (mg) 7.8 ± 2.0 10.5 ± 3.6 9.4 ± 3.0 8.6 ± 1.8 1.36 0.92 0.31 0.00 0.019
Vitamin B1 (mg) 0.92 ± 0.22 0.68 ± 0.11 1.04 ± 0.30 0.70 ± 0.10 0.74 0.65 0.15 0.13 0.451
Vitamin B2 (mg) 1.15 ± 0.25 1.18 ± 0.34 1.38 ± 0.43 1.20 ± 0.20 1.03 0.89 0.40 0.38 0.426
Folate (µg) 345 ± 96 353 ± 116 409 ± 164 384 ± 93 1.02 0.94 0.31 0.29 0.448
Vitamin C (mg) 137 ± 59 115 ± 44 136 ± 69 122 ± 34 0.84 0.90 0.36 0.43 0.288
SDF (g) 3.0 ± 0.7 2.0 ± 0.6 2.4 ± 0.7 2.3 ± 0.5 0.66 0.96 0.13 0.28 0.161
IDF (g) 10.8 ± 2.5 7.9 ± 2.1 12.0 ± 3.7 9.0 ± 1.9 0.74 0.75 0.32 0.32 0.491
TDF (g) 14.7 ± 3.3 10.7 ± 2.9 16.6 ± 5.1 12.4 ± 2.7 0.73 0.75 0.28 0.34 0.330
Median 0.88 0.86 0.24 0.30 0.329

Abbreviations: DR, dietary record; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; IDF, insoluble dietary fiber; MO n-3 PUFA, marine origin n-3 PUFA; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SD, standard deviation; SDF, soluble dietary fiber; SFA, saturated fatty acids; TDF, total dietary fiber. a Ratio of FFQ to 7-day DR [Current study] (C). The age range was 65 to 85 years. b Result of ratio or correlation coefficient between FFQ and 3-day DR in a previous study by Tokudome et al. (T) [21]. The age range of women was 30 to 68 years. c Spearman rank correlation analysis for crude values. d Comparison of correlation coefficients between the Tokudome study [21] and current studies (calculated as described by Meng et al. [37]). Bold values are statistically significant (p < 0.05). e Value are shown as energy-dense macronutrient (% energy intake). f Sum of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6). g Sum of retinol, β-carotene/12, α-carotene/24, and cryptoxanthin/24.