Table 2.
Nutrients | Unit | Current Study (C) (n = 65) | Tokudome et al. Study [21] (T) (n = 129) | Ratio | Spearman’s | p Value d | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7-day DR | FFQ | 3-day DR | FFQ | C a | T b | C r c | T r c | |||||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||||||||
Energy | (kcal) | 1790 | ± | 220 | 1562 | ± | 343 | 1924 | ± | 332 | 1639 | ± | 186 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.422 |
Protein | (g) | 69.3 | ± | 10.8 | 52.8 | ± | 13.2 | 74.5 | ± | 16.3 | 55.2 | ± | 7.8 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.463 |
Fat | (g) | 52.2 | ± | 11.7 | 52.9 | ± | 17.0 | 59.2 | ± | 16.5 | 48.4 | ± | 9.6 | 1.01 | 0.82 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.183 |
Carbohydrate | (g) | 256 | ± | 35 | 216 | ± | 58 | 265 | ± | 50 | 227 | ± | 36 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.285 |
Protein e | (%) | 15.5 | ± | 1.7 | 13.7 | ± | 2.3 | 15.5 | ± | 2.0 | 13.5 | ± | 1.5 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.285 |
Fat e | (%) | 26.2 | ± | 4.5 | 31.0 | ± | 9.0 | 27.5 | ± | 5.1 | 26.7 | ± | 4.9 | 1.18 | 0.97 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.024 |
Carbohydrate e | (%) | 57.2 | ± | 4.7 | 54.8 | ± | 6.7 | 55.2 | ± | 6.1 | 55.2 | ± | 5.0 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.23 | 0.45 | 0.050 |
SFA | (g) | 13.2 | ± | 3.6 | 12.2 | ± | 2.9 | 16.0 | ± | 5.5 | 12.4 | ± | 2.5 | 0.93 | 0.78 | 0.11 | 0.35 | 0.053 |
MUFA | (g) | 16.5 | ± | 4.4 | 19.9 | ± | 6.8 | 19.8 | ± | 6.2 | 16.9 | ± | 3.4 | 1.21 | 0.85 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.319 |
PUFA | (g) | 11.9 | ± | 2.7 | 16.6 | ± | 6.4 | 14.0 | ± | 4.1 | 13.5 | ± | 2.9 | 1.40 | 0.97 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.420 |
n-6 PUFA | (g) | 9.6 | ± | 2.3 | 14.7 | ± | 5.9 | 11.0 | ± | 3.4 | 11.5 | ± | 2.6 | 1.53 | 1.04 | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.106 |
n-3 PUFA | (g) | 2.2 | ± | 0.7 | 2.4 | ± | 0.9 | 2.8 | ± | 1.1 | 2.2 | ± | 0.5 | 1.09 | 0.80 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.442 |
MO n-3 PUFA f | (g) | 0.8 | ± | 0.5 | 0.5 | ± | 0.2 | 0.9 | ± | 0.7 | 0.7 | ± | 0.2 | 0.61 | 0.78 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.457 |
Cholesterol | (mg) | 308 | ± | 89 | 246 | ± | 109 | 345 | ± | 132 | 264 | ± | 64 | 0.80 | 0.76 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.439 |
Iron | (mg) | 8.2 | ± | 1.9 | 7.0 | ± | 2.2 | 8.9 | ± | 2.7 | 7.7 | ± | 1.6 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.029 |
Calcium | (mg) | 541 | ± | 162 | 556 | ± | 168 | 609 | ± | 231 | 566 | ± | 144 | 1.03 | 0.93 | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.350 |
Carotene | (µg) | 4157 | ± | 2679 | 2316 | ± | 662 | 4241 | ± | 2103 | 3550 | ± | 1131 | 0.56 | 0.84 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.288 |
Vitamin A g | (µg RE) | 602 | ± | 395 | 942 | ± | 611 | 1067 | ± | 832 | 1052 | ± | 422 | 1.57 | 0.99 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.340 |
Vitamin D | (µg) | 9.7 | ± | 4.7 | 4.4 | ± | 1.6 | 8.0 | ± | 5.9 | 7.2 | ± | 2.6 | 0.45 | 0.91 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.463 |
α-tocopherol | (mg) | 7.8 | ± | 2.0 | 10.5 | ± | 3.6 | 9.4 | ± | 3.0 | 8.6 | ± | 1.8 | 1.36 | 0.92 | 0.31 | 0.00 | 0.019 |
Vitamin B1 | (mg) | 0.92 | ± | 0.22 | 0.68 | ± | 0.11 | 1.04 | ± | 0.30 | 0.70 | ± | 0.10 | 0.74 | 0.65 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.451 |
Vitamin B2 | (mg) | 1.15 | ± | 0.25 | 1.18 | ± | 0.34 | 1.38 | ± | 0.43 | 1.20 | ± | 0.20 | 1.03 | 0.89 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.426 |
Folate | (µg) | 345 | ± | 96 | 353 | ± | 116 | 409 | ± | 164 | 384 | ± | 93 | 1.02 | 0.94 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.448 |
Vitamin C | (mg) | 137 | ± | 59 | 115 | ± | 44 | 136 | ± | 69 | 122 | ± | 34 | 0.84 | 0.90 | 0.36 | 0.43 | 0.288 |
SDF | (g) | 3.0 | ± | 0.7 | 2.0 | ± | 0.6 | 2.4 | ± | 0.7 | 2.3 | ± | 0.5 | 0.66 | 0.96 | 0.13 | 0.28 | 0.161 |
IDF | (g) | 10.8 | ± | 2.5 | 7.9 | ± | 2.1 | 12.0 | ± | 3.7 | 9.0 | ± | 1.9 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.491 |
TDF | (g) | 14.7 | ± | 3.3 | 10.7 | ± | 2.9 | 16.6 | ± | 5.1 | 12.4 | ± | 2.7 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 0.330 |
Median | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.329 |
Abbreviations: DR, dietary record; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; IDF, insoluble dietary fiber; MO n-3 PUFA, marine origin n-3 PUFA; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SD, standard deviation; SDF, soluble dietary fiber; SFA, saturated fatty acids; TDF, total dietary fiber. a Ratio of FFQ to 7-day DR [Current study] (C). The age range was 65 to 85 years. b Result of ratio or correlation coefficient between FFQ and 3-day DR in a previous study by Tokudome et al. (T) [21]. The age range of women was 30 to 68 years. c Spearman rank correlation analysis for crude values. d Comparison of correlation coefficients between the Tokudome study [21] and current studies (calculated as described by Meng et al. [37]). Bold values are statistically significant (p < 0.05). e Value are shown as energy-dense macronutrient (% energy intake). f Sum of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6). g Sum of retinol, β-carotene/12, α-carotene/24, and cryptoxanthin/24.