Table 3.
Examples of Clinical Trials Conducted with RNA Viral Vectors.
| Viral Vector | Disease | Phase | Response | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toca 511 RV | HGG | Phase I | Prolonged survival | [122] |
| Toca 511 RV | HGG | Phase II/III | Study in progress | [123] |
| GRV | CGD | Phase I/II | Resolved bacterial & fungal infections | [124] |
| LV hCEF-CT | CT | Phase 0 | Established parameters for Phase I CT trial | [125] |
| LentiGlobin BB305 | β-thalassemia | Phase I/II | Reversion of need of red-blood cell transfusions | [126] |
| LV pELPs 19-BB-z | CLL | Case report | CLL remission for 10 months | [127] |
| LV CTL019 | ALL | Phase I | Sustained ALL remission, prolonged survival | [128] |
| LV CTL019 | ALL | Approved | FDA approval for refractory/relapsed ALL | [129] |
| LV-FVIII | Hemophilia A | Phase 0 | Potential cure, life-long production of FVIII | [130] |
| LV-FIX | Hemophilia B | Phase 0 | High level expression of | [131] |
| LV ProSavin® | PD | Phase I/II | Improvements in motor behavior | [132] |
| LVsh5/C46 | HIV | Phase I | Safe, protection of the immune system | [133] |
| VEE-gB/pp65 | CMV | Phase I | CMV-specific antibodies | [136] |
| VEE-gag | HIV | Phase I | Low-level antibody responses | [137] |
| VEE-CEA | Breast, colorectal, pancreatic CA | Phase I | Prolonged survival | [138] |
| VEE-PSMA | CRPC | Phase I | Neutralizing antibodies | [139] |
| LipoVIL12 | Melanoma, kidney CA | Phase I | Safe delivery, tumor targeting | [24] |
| VSV-ZEBOV | EBOV | Phase I | Safe administration, antibody responses | [140] |
| VSVΔG-ZEBOV | EBOV | Phase I | Safe administration, sustainable IgG responses | [141] |
| VSV-ZEBOV | EBOV | Phase I/II | Better tolerability, reduced antibody responses | [142] |
| VSVΔG-ZEBOV | EBOV | Phase III | Better immune response than for Ad vector | [143] |
| VSV-ZEBOV | EBOV | Phase III | Safe administration, protection against EBOV | [144] |
| VSV-ZEBOV | EBOV | Phase III | Safe administration, protection against EBOV | [145] |
| VSV-ZEBOV | EBOV | Phase II/III | Safe administration, no EBOV cases | [146] |
| MV-EZ | CTCL | Phase I | Regression of CTCL lesions | [147] |
| MV-CEA | Ovarian CA | Phase I | Stable disease | [148] |
| MV-CEA | Glioblastoma | Phase I | No dose-related toxicity in initial patients | [149] |
| MV-NIS | Myeloma | Phase I | Complete response in one patient | [150] |
| NDV-TAA | Prostate CA | Phase II | Prolonged survival | [151] |
| NDV PV701 | Solid tumors | Phase II | Progression-free survival | [152] |
| NDV | Melanoma | Phase II/III | Failure to provide superiority to controls | [153] |
| NDV | Colorectal CA | Phase II | Prolonged survival | [154] |
| CVA21 | Melanoma | Phase I/II | Good tolerance, anti-tumor activity | [155] |
| CVA2 1 + ICB | Melanoma | Phase II | Enhanced anti-tumor activity | [156] |
| CVA21 + PLMAb | Melanoma | Phase 1b | Stable disease | [157] |
Ad, adenovirus; ALL, Acute lymphocytic leukemia; CA, carcinoma; CAV21, Coxsackievirus A21; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CGD, chronic granulomatous disease; CMV, cytomegalovirus; CRPC, castration resistant metastatic prostate cancer; CT, cystic fibrosis; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CTCL, cutaneous T cell lymphoma; EBOV, Ebola virus; GRV, gammaretrovirus; HGG, high-grade glioma; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ICL, immune checkpoint blockade; IL, interleukin; LipoVIL-12; liposome-encapsulated SFV-IL-12; LV, lentivirus; MV, measles virus; NDV, Newcastle disease virus; NIS, sodium iodide symporter; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PLMab, pembrolizumab; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen; RV, retroviral vector; TAA, tumor-associated antigen; VEE, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus; ZEBOV, Ebola virus Zaire strain.