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. 2019 Mar 8;11(3):578. doi: 10.3390/nu11030578

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Oxidative/antioxidative pathways involved in arterial stiffness etiology and interactions of dietary polyphenols. Pathways stimulated, inhibited or modulated by polyphenols are indicated by +, − or ~, respectively. AhR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor; ARE: antioxidant response element; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; IκBα: nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha; Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; NADPH oxidase: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NO: nitric oxide; Nrf2: Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; ROS: reactive oxygen species.