Table 2.
Cocoa, coffee, tea, and their isolated polyphenols in arterial stiffness.
| Dietary Intervention/Polyphenol | Study Design | Health Status | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flavonoid-rich dark chocolate (single dose of 100 g) |
17 young volunteers; randomized, single-blind, sham procedure-controlled, cross-over design | Healthy | ↑ resting and hyperemic brachial artery diameter; ↑ FMD; ↓ Aix; No change in PWV |
[114] |
| Cocoa (0, 80, 200, 500, and 800 mg cocoa flavonoids/day/10 g cocoa in five periods of 1 week) |
20 volunteers; randomized, double-blind, controlled, cross-over design |
Healthy | ↑ FMD; ↓ PWV; ↓ BP; ↓ pulse pressure; ↓ ET-1 |
[115] |
| Flavanol-rich dark chocolate vs. flavanol-free white chocolate (100 g/day for 3 days) | 12 volunteers | Healthy | Dark chocolate ingestion improved flow-mediated dilation (p = 0.03), wave reflections, endothelin-1 and 8-iso-PGF(2α) in contrast to white chocolate effects | [116] |
| Flavanol-rich dark chocolate vs. flavanol-free white chocolate, (100 g/day for 15 days) | 19 volunteers (11 M); cross-over design |
Hypertensive patients with IGT | ↓ systolic and diastolic BP; ↑ FMD; ↑ insulin sensitivity; |
[117] |
| Flavonoid-rich vs. flavonoid-poor dark chocolate | 32 volunteers (16 M); sleep deprivation, randomized double-blind crossover design |
Healthy | flavanol-rich chocolate promote: ↓ BP; ↓ pulse pressure; ↑ FMD; mitigated the increase in pulse-wave velocity |
[118] |
| Cocoa flavanol-containing (450 mg) drink vs. cocoa flavanol-free control drink (twice a day for 14 days) |
22 young (M) and 20 elderly (M) volunteers; randomized, controlled, double-masked, parallel-group dietary intervention trial |
Healthy | ↑ FMD in both groups; ↓ pulse wave velocity; ↓ total peripheral resistance-, ↑ arteriolar and microvascular vasodilator capacity; ↓ Aix in elderly |
[119] |
| Cocoa beverage (960 mg total polyphenols; 480 mg flavanols) |
18 volunteers; randomized, double-blind, crossover study |
T2D | ↓ large artery elasticity | [120] |
| Dark chocolate (37 g/day) and a sugar-free cocoa beverage (total cocoa 22 g/day, total flavanols 814 mg/d, 4 weeks) |
30 middle-aged volunteers (15 M); randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study | Overweight | ↑ basal diameter and peak diameter of the brachial artery and basal blood flow volume; ↓ Aix in only women | [121] |
| (2)-Epicatechin (100 mg/d), quercetin-3-glucoside (160 mg/d) or placebo (capsules for 4 weeks) |
37 volunteers; a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial | Healthy | no effect on FMD, arterial stiffness | [122] |
| Dark chocolate (70 g, 150 mg epicatechin) and pure epicatechin capsules (2 × 50 mg epicatechin) with 75 g white chocolate | 20 (M) volunteers; randomized crossover study | Healthy | dark chocolate and epicatechin significantly ↑ FMD; ↓ Aix |
[123] |
| Chlorogenic acid (450 mg or 900 mg) vs. 200 mg (−)-epicatechin |
16 volunteers; cross-over study |
Healthy | no effect on BP; no significant effect on peak FMD response; ↑ post-ischemic FMD response |
[124] |
| Coffee polyphenol extract (355 mg chlorogenic acids) |
19 (M) volunteers; randomized, acute, crossover, intervention study |
Healthy | ↑ secretion of Glucagon-like peptide 1; ↑ postprandial hyperglycemia; ↑ FMD |
[125] |
| Black tea (0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg tea flavonoids/day in 5 periods of 1 week) |
19 (M) volunteers | Healthy | ↑ FMD; ↓ blood pressure; ↓ stiffness index |
[126] |
| Green tea (9 g/day for 4 weeks) |
55 (31 M) volunteers; randomized, cross-over |
T2D | No effect on brachial-ankle PWV; No effect on inflammatory markers |
[127] |
| Green tea (836 mg catechins, acute) |
20 volunteers; 2 different catechol-O-methyltransferase genotypes |
Healthy | ↓ digital volume pulse stiffness index (SI) in GG subjects; ↑ BP and insulin response in GG subjects |
[128] |
↑ increased; ↓ decreased; flow-mediated dilation (FMD); pulse wave velocity (PWV); endothelin-1 (ET-1); aortic augmentation index (Aix); plasma malondialdehyde (MDA); impaired glucose tolerance (IGT); Type 2 diabetes (T2D); male (M); blood pressure (BP); 8-isoprostane F2α (8-iso-PGF(2α).