Table 3.
Fruit, wine, and their isolated polyphenols in arterial stiffness.
| Dietary Intervention | Study Design | Health Status | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apple with skin (acute and 4 weeks) |
30 volunteers; randomized, controlled, cross-over |
Healthy | ↑ FMD | [129] |
| Red (anthocyanin-rich) or blond (anthocyanin-poor) orange juice (1 liter, acute) |
18 volunteers (9 M); Randomized, cross-over design |
Healthy | ↓ Aix after red orange juice | [130] |
| Grapefruit juice (340 mL/day (210 mg naringenin glycosides), for 6 months) |
48 postmenopausal women; double-blind, randomized, controlled, cross-over |
Healthy | ↓ carotid-femoral PWV | [131] |
| Orange juice or hesperidin supplement (acute intake; both 320 mg hesperidin) |
16 fasted volunteers (M) | Healthy | no effect on endothelial function; no effect on arterial stiffness; no effect on BP |
[132] |
| Pomegranate extract-containing drink (<50 mg pomegranate polyphenols per 237 mL) |
19 young volunteers (M); randomized, controlled, crossover |
Healthy | no effect on digital volume pulse-stiffness index | [133] |
| Pomegranate juice (330 mL/day for 4 weeks) |
51 adults volunteers (16 M) | Healthy | no effect on PWV; ↓ systolic and diastolic BP; ↓ mean arterial pressure |
[134] |
| Mango fruit preparation Careless™ (single dose of 100 mg or 300 mg) |
10 volunteers (F); randomized, double-blind, crossover pilot study |
Healthy | ↑ coetaneous blood flow; No effect on endothelial function |
[135] |
| Cranberry juice cocktail (500 mL/day (27% juice) for 4 weeks) |
35 volunteers (M); double-blind, cross-over |
Healthy | no effect on Aix; ↓ in Aix significant within-group in abdominally obese M |
[136] |
| Cranberry juice (54% juice, 835 mg total polyphenols, and 94 mg anthocyanins, for 4 weeks) |
15 volunteers; acute pilot study 44 volunteers; chronic placebo-controlled crossover |
Coronary heart disease | ↑ brachial artery FMD and digital pulse amplitude tonometry ratio in the pilot study; ↓ carotid-femoral PWV for chronic treatment |
[137] |
| Blueberry (300 g of blueberry) |
16 smokers (M) 3-armed randomized-controlled |
Healthy | ↓ peripheral arterial dysfunction; no differences in digital augmentation index |
[138,139] |
| Blueberry (300 g of blueberry) |
24 volunteers (M) (12 non-smokers and 12 smokers) |
Healthy | ↓ peripheral arterial dysfunction (reactive hyperemia index); no change in digital augmentation index dAix |
[140] |
| Blueberry powder (22 g freeze-dried, for 8 weeks) |
48 postmenopausal (F); randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled | Pre- and stage 1-hypertension | ↓ systolic and diastolic BP; ↓ brachial-ankle PWV |
[141] |
| Strawberry powder (40 g freeze-dried) |
30 overweight or obese adults (17 M) | Healthy | no effect on vascular function | [142] |
| Blackcurrant extract (low sugar fruit drinks containing 150, 300, and 600 mg of total anthocyanins, acute) |
14 (M) and 9 postmenopausal (F); randomized, double-blind, cross-over | Healthy | no effect on arterial stiffness; no effect on 8-isoprostane F2α |
[143] |
| Black raspberry (750 mg/day, acute, and 12 weeks) |
26 and 39 volunteers, respectively | Metabolic syndrome | ↓ augmentation index acutely; ↑ brachial artery FMD after 12 weeks of treatment |
[144,145] |
| Concord grape juice (7 mL/kg/day, 70-kg person consumed 490 mL/day; 965 mg total polyphenols and 327 kcal, 2-weeks) |
26 healthy smokers (10 M); randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over | Healthy | ↑ values of FMD and PWV | [146] |
| Grape seed extract (150 mg twice daily, 6 weeks) |
29 middle-aged (15 M); single-center, randomized, two-arm, double-blinded, placebo-controlled |
Pre- hypertension |
↓ systolic and diastolic BP; no significant changes in FMD |
[147] |
| Grape-wine extract (capsules MegaNatural™ combined with Provinols™, 4 weeks) |
60 volunteers; double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover |
Mildly Hypertensive, untreated | ↓ 24-h ambulatory systolic and diastolic BPs; no effect on FMD |
[148] |
| Red wine (400 mL, ~13% (v/v) alcohol, 6 weeks) |
45 postmenopausal women; randomized parallel-arm |
Hypercholesterolemia | ↓ Aix; no effect on central hemodynamic parameters |
[149] |
| Resveratrol (100 mg tablet, oligo-stilbene 27.97 mg/100 mg/day, 12 weeks) |
25 volunteers (15 M); double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled |
T2D | ↓ systolic BP; ↓ cardio-ankle vascular index |
[150] |
| Resveratrol (resVida™; 6 capsules, 30, 90, and 270 mg, single dose) |
19 volunteers (14 M); double-blind, placebo-controlled |
Overweight/obese/post-menopausal untreated borderline hypertension | ↑ FMD response | [151] |
| Resveratrol (Resvida, 75 mg capsule/day, 6 weeks) |
28 obese volunteers (12M); randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover |
Healthy | ↑ FMD response; no effect on BP and arterial compliance |
[152] |
↑ increased; ↓ decreased; flow-mediated dilation (FMD); aortic augmentation index (Aix); pulse wave velocity (PWV); blood pressure (BP); Type 2 diabetes (T2D); male (M); female (F).