Table 5.
Miscellaneous dietary polyphenols in arterial stiffness.
| Dietary Intervention | Study Design | Health Status | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Olive leaf extract (51 mg oleuropein; 10 mg hydroxytyrosol, acute) |
18 volunteers (9 M); randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over |
Healthy | ↓ digital volume pulse-stiffness index; ↓ ex vivo IL-8 production |
[160] |
| Red yeast rice and olive fruit extract (9, 32 mg hydroxytyrosol) |
50 volunteers; randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled |
Metabolic syndrome | ↓ SBP and DBP; ↓ LDL and oxidized LDL; ↓ lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 |
[161,162] |
| Olive fruit extract (50 mg and 100 mg hydroxytytosol) |
36 volunteers; 11-day, double-blind, placebo-controlled |
Risk for arterial stiffness | ↓ Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index | [163] |
| Polyphenols (250 mL beverage: 361 mg of (poly)phenols, 120 mg vitamin C; twice/day, 4 weeks) |
20 volunteers (10 M); a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design |
Healthy | No effect on the cutaneous vascular response; No effect on PWV |
[164] |
| Curcumin capsules (250 mg of curcuminoids, 3 capsules/twice a day, 6 months) |
107 volunteers (50 M); randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled |
T2D | ↓ PWV | [165] |
| Curcumin (25 mg of highly absorptive curcumin dispersed with colloidal nanoparticles, 6 pills/day, 8 weeks) |
32 sedentary postmenopausal women (F) | Healthy | ↓ FMD | [166] |
| Walnut-enriched ad libitum diet (56 g of shelled, unroasted English walnuts/day, 8 weeks) |
46 volunteers (18 M); randomized, controlled, single-blind, crossover clinical |
Overweight | ↓ FMD, beneficial trends in systolic BP reduction | [167] |
| Onion skin extract (162 mg/day quercetin, 6 weeks) |
70 volunteers (35 M); double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over |
Healthy | ↓ 24 h systolic BP in the subgroup of hypertensives | [168] |
| Lemon balm extract (3.3 g of lemon balm leaves extracted in 200 mL of hot water, once daily, 4 weeks) |
28 Japanese volunteers (14 M); an open-label, parallel-group comparative |
Healthy | ↓ in brachial-ankle PWV | [169] |
↑ increased; ↓ decreased; Flow-mediated dilation (FMD); pulse wave velocity (PWV); blood pressure (BP); systolic blood pressure (SBP); diastolic blood pressure (DBP); interleukin 8 (IL-8); low-density lipoprotein (LDL); Type 2 diabetes (T2D); male (M); female (F).