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. 2019 Mar 1;11(3):534. doi: 10.3390/nu11030534

Table 1.

Characteristics of women becoming pregnant by study outcome (n = 329).

Variable a Live Births (n = 196) Losses
(n = 92)
Withdrew/Lost to Follow-up (n = 41) Total
(n = 329)
p-Value
Live Birth
Vs. Loss
Live Birth + loss vs. Withdrew/Lost to Follow up
Age (years) n (%) 0.06 0.006
29 or less 102 (52.0%) 46 (50.0%) 30 (73.2%) 178 (54.1%)
30–34 78 (39.8%) 30 (32.6%) 5 (12.2%) 113 (34.3%)
35 or more 16 (8.2%) 16 (17.4%) 6 (14.6%) 38 (11.6%)
Race/ethnicity n (%) 0.70 0.60
Non-Hispanic white 161 (83.0%) 77 (84.6%) 37 (90.2%) 275 (84.4%)
Non-Hispanic black 3 (1.5%) 3 (3.3%) 0 (0%) 6 (1.8%)
Hispanic 17 (8.8%) 6 (6.6%) 3 (7.3%) 26 (8.0%)
Other 13 (6.7%) 5 (5.5%) 1 (2.4%) 19 (5.8%)
Education n (%) 0.65 0.06
High school or less 8 (4.1%) 6 (6.6%) 0 (0%) 14 (4.3%)
Some college or technical school 26 (13.4%) 11 (12.1%) 10 (25.0%) 47 (14.5%)
College graduate or higher 160 (82.5%) 74 (81.3%) 30 (75.0%) 264 (81.2%)
Household income n (%) 0.16 0.67
Less than $29,999 3 (1.6%) 5 (5.6%) 1 (2.4%) 9 (2.8%)
$30,000–$49,999 23 (12.0%) 6 (6.7%) 3 (7.3%) 32 (10.0%)
$50,000–$69,999 24 (12.6%) 12 (13.5%) 8 (19.5%) 44 (13.7%)
At least $70,000 3 (1.6%) 5 (5.6%) 1 (2.4%) 9 (2.8%)
Body mass index n (%) 0.59 0.79
Less than 20 4 (2.0%) 2 (2.2%) 0 (0%) 6 (1.8%)
20 to 24.9 97 (49.5%) 41 (44.6%) 21 (51.2%) 159 (48.3%)
25 to 29.9 52 (26.5%) 22 (23.9%) 11 (26.8%) 85 (25.8%)
30 or greater 43 (21.9%) 27 (29.3%) 9 (22.0%) 79 (24.0%)
Previous pregnancy losses n (%) 0.94 0.47
Never pregnant 77 (39.3%) 36 (39.6%) 15 (37.5%) 128 (39.1%)
At least 1 loss 13 (6.6%) 7 (7.7%) 5 (12.5%) 25 (7.6%)
Prior pregnancy, no previous losses 106 (54.1%) 48 (52.7%) 20 (50.0%) 174 (53.2%)
Smoking n (%) 0.43 0.56
None 182 (92.9%) 85 (92.4%) 39 (95.1%) 306 (93.0%)
Moderate (at least one episode of 1–9 cigarettes per day) 10 (5.1%) 3 (3.3%) 2 (4.9%) 15 (4.6%)
Heavy (at least one episode of 10 or more cigarettes per day) 4 (2.0%) 4 (4.3%) 0 (0%) 8 (2.4%)
Alcohol consumption n (%) 0.35 0.04
Non-drinker 61 (31.1%) 27 (29.3%) 17 (42.5%) 105 (32.0%)
Occasional drinker (1–16 drinks per month) 100 (51.0%) 54 (58.7%) 13 (32.5%) 167 (50.9%)
Drinker (17 or more drinks per month) 35 (17.9%) 11 (12.0%) 10 (25.0%) 56 (17.1%)
Caffeine intake n (%) 0.09 0.31
None 84 (42.9%) 34 (37.0%) 17 (42.5%) 135 (41.2%)
Moderate
(1 cup per day)
75 (38.3%) 30 (32.6%) 18 (45.0%) 123 (37.5%)
Heavy
(2 or more cups per day)
37 (18.9%) 28 (30.4%) 5 (12.5%) 70 (21.3%)

a Missing values were excluded.