Table 5.

Expression levels of proteins associated with inflammation in rats treated with copper sources by oral administration over 28 consecutive days.

Protein (pg/mL)	Control	Micro-Cu	CuCl2·2H2O	Nano-Cu 80–100 nm
	1%HPMC	200 (mg/kg)	200 (mg/kg)	50 (mg/kg)	100 (mg/kg)	200 (mg/kg)
IFN-γ	156.3 ± 5.7	165.0 ± 4.6 *	174.7 ± 8.5 *	159.3 ± 5.5	169.3 ± 11.5 *	252.0 ± 11.0 **
TNF-α	91.6 ± 2.2	153.1 ± 4.6 **	142.8 ± 5.0 **	91.7 ± 8.2	163.6 ± 4.7 **	205.3 ± 3.3 **
MIP-1α	19.4 ± 2.9	27.4 ± 4.7 *	28.9 ± 3.3 **	19.8 ± 1.9	23.6 ± 4.7 *	33.5 ± 5.6 **
MCP-1	103.8 ± 1.8	107.6 ± 1.7	111.9 ± 2.1	104.1 ± 2.1	109.2 ± 1.7	119.0 ± 2.0 *
MIF	36.5 ± 3.2	38.6 ± 2.5	42.5 ± 6.1 **	37.1 ± 1.8	39.5 ± 2.2 *	58.88 ± 1.4 **
IL-1β	149.5 ± 3.6	194.3 ± 2.5 **	254.9 ± 13.8 **	148.3 ± 3	171.8 ± 7.5 *	198.5 ± 19.1 **
IL-2	14.8 ± 2.4	16.5 ± 3.1 *	18.2 ± 2.1 *	14.5 ± 1.5	16.6 ± 1.7 *	18.4 ± 3.7 **
IL-4	26.0 ± 2.7	22.1 ± 3.7 **	27.5 ± 3.8	25.0 ± 2.7	27.7 ± 4.1	30.2 ± 3.7 **
IL-6	96.5 ± 8.2	90.6 ± 5.3 *	94.0 ± 6.7	96.0 ± 8.5	103.1 ± 7.9 *	113.1 ± 10.7 **

* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 vs. Control. Values represent means ± SD (N = 10).