Table 2.

Multivariable linear regression analysis demonstrating the positive association of plasma branched-chain amino acids with an elevated fatty liver index (FLI) (≥60) after adjustment for clinical and laboratory covariates in 5791 subjects.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5
	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p	β	p
Age	0.015	0.173	0.014	0.199	0.010	0.339	−0.032	0.035	−0.046	0.002
Sex (men vs. women)	0.424	<0.001	0.426	<0.001	0.426	<0.001	0.431	<0.001	0.431	<0.001
FLI ≥60 vs. <60	0.326	<0.001	0.324	<0.001	0.323	<0.001	0.318	<0.001	0.208	<0.001
Family history of T2D (yes/no)			0.045	<0.001	0.048	<0.001	0.046	<0.001	0.033	0.002
Alcohol intake (≥10 g/day)					0.007	0.495	0.011	0.325	0.014	0.207
Current smoking (yes/no)					−0.043	<0.001	−0.044	<0.001	−0.030	0.005
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)							−0.057	<0.001	−0.046	0.002
UAE (mg/24 h)							−0.015	0.165	−0.021	0.058
Use of antihypertensive medication							0.009	0.478	−0.011	0.376
Use of lipid-lowering drugs							0.026	0.026	0.010	0.395
HOMA-IR									0.271	<0.001
HOMA-β									−0.043	0.089

β: standardized regression coefficients. HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were log_e transformed for analyses. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FLI, fatty liver index; HOMA, Homeostasis Model Assessment; IR, insulin resistance; T2D, type 2 diabetes; UAE; urinary albumin excretion. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, family history of type 2 diabetes. Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, family history of type 2 diabetes, alcohol intake and current smoking. Model 4: adjusted for age, sex, family history of type 2 diabetes, alcohol intake, current smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin excretion and use of antihypertensive medication and lipid-lowering drugs. Model 5: adjusted for age, sex, family history of type 2 diabetes, alcohol intake, current smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin excretion, use of antihypertensive medication and lipid-lowering drugs, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β.