Figure 1.

Experimental design for the effects of plant-derived smoke on maize growth. Maize seeds were soaked without or with 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, and 4000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 6 h and grown in sand. For morphological analysis, germination ratio, shoot/root length, and weight were measured at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days. For proteomic analysis, maize seeds were soaked with 2000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 6 h. Shoot was collected after 4 days. Proteins were extracted, reduced, alkylated, digested, and analyzed by nano LC-MS/MS. For western blotting, maize seeds were soaked without or with 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, and 4000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 6 h and grown in sand. Shoot was collected and proteins were extracted after 4 days for immune blotting analysis.