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Morphological changes in maize treated with plant-derived smoke. Maize seeds were soaked without or with 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, and 4000 ppm plant-derived smoke for 6 h and sown in sand for 4, 6, and 8 days. The length and fresh weight of shoot and root were measured. The data are shown as means ± S.D. from 4 independent biological replicates. Different letters indicate that the change is significant as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison (p ˂ 0.05).
